What policies have most thoroughly crippled (otherwise-promising) industries or technologies?

AI Impacts has a related project, where we look at Resisted Technological Temptations and try to figure out "under what circumstances can large concrete incentives to pursue technologies be overcome by forces motivated by uninternalized downsides, such as ethical concerns, risks to other people with no recourse, or risks the decisionmaker does not believe in."

Our current non-exhaustive list of plausible cases includes:

• Geoengineering, many actors, present, scientist opposition inhibits research needed for others' enthusiasm
• Chlorofluorocarbons, many actors, 1985-present
• Nanotechnology, scientists and governments, five decades ago to present
• Airships / Zeppelins
• Genetic engineering of humans
• Some scientific studies prevented by the burden of IRB / GDPR compliance
• Human challenge trials, especially for covid vaccines
• Research involving recreational drugs
• Dietary restrictions, in most (all?) human cultures
• GMOs, in some countries
• Atomic gardening
• Nuclear power, in some countries
• Fracking, in some countries
• Use of nuclear explosions in construction
• Various weapons (nuclear, chemical, biological, land mines, etc), in some countries and at some times

We have not published our investigations into any of these particular cases yet, but hope to soon. If you would like to talk with us about what you would find most decision-relevant from this project, please let me or Rick Korzekwa know.

Nuclear safety regulations and bureaucracy

They have made nuclear power marginally safer, at the cost of both limiting innovation and disallowing safer new nuclear power plants, and at great cost

And it was intentional on the part of lobbyists and those who have reinforced the legislation, but likely not on the part of the original lawmakers

Immigration law

They have greatly reduced wealth and economic power of countries that have strict rules

They were intentionally pursuing racist policies, but the economic impacts were most likely unintended

Nuclear energy. In some countries this was crippled deliberately because of fear (perhaps due to association with nuclear weapons), and in other countries this seems to have been an accidental byproduct of safety culture aka the US or France are fairly gung-ho on nuclear but haven't made any huge progress because of buerocracy.

Genetically modified organisms in Europe. Also seems to be fear oriented.

Research into the genetic basis of intelligence, which could help eg. polygenic screening. This screening is already very common in certain countries but there are limits on what they are allowed to do or even know.