Bayesian Reasoning - Explained Like You're Five

(This post is not an attempt to convey anything new, but is instead an attempt to convey the concept of Bayesian reasoning as simply as possible. There have been other elementary posts that have covered how to use Bayes’ theorem: here, here, here and here)

Bayes’ theorem is about the probability that something is true given some piece or pieces of evidence. In a really simple form it is basically the equation below:

This will be explained using the following coin flipping scenario:

If someone is flipping two coins: one fair and one biased (has heads on both sides), then what is the probability that the coin flipped was the fair coin given that you know that the result of the coin being flipped was heads?

Let’s figure this out by listing out the potential states using a decision tree:

We know that the tail state is not true because the result of the coin being flipped was heads. So, let’s update the decision tree:

The decision tree now lists all of the possible states given that the result was heads. 

Let's now plug in the values into the formula. We know that there are three potential states. One in which the coin is fair and two in which it is biased. Let's assume that each state has the same likelihood.

So, the result is: 1 / 1 + 2 which is 1 / 3 which equals 33%.Using the formula we have found out that there is 33% chance that the coin flipped was the fair one when we already know that the result of the flip was heads.

At this point you you may be thinking what any of this has to do with bayesian reasoning. Well, the relation is that the above formula is pretty much the same as Bayes’ theorem which in its explicit form is:

You can see that P(B|A) * P(A) (in bold) is on both the top and the bottom of the equation. It represents “expected number of times it’s true” in the generic formula above. P(B|~A) * P(~A) represents "expected number of times it's false".

You don’t need to worry about what the whole formula means yet as this post is just about how to use Bayesian reasoning and why it is useful. If you want to find out how to deduce Bayes' theorem, check out this post. If you want some examples of how to use Bayes' theorem see one of these posts: 1, 2, 3 and 4.

Let’s now continue on. This time we will be going through a totally different example. This example will demonstrate what it is like to use Bayesian reasoning.

Imagine a scenario with a teacher and a normally diligent student. The student tells the teacher that they have not completed their homework because their dog ate it. Take note of the following:

• H stands for the hypothesis which is that the student did their home work. This is possible, but the teacher does not think that it is very likely. The teacher only has the evidence of the student’s diligence to back up this hypothesis which does affect the probability that the hypothesis is correct, but not by much.
• ~H stands for the opposite hypothesis which is that the student did not do their homework. The teacher thinks that this is likely and also believes that the evidence (no extra evidence backing up the students claim and a cliché excuse) points towards this opposite hypothesis.

Which do you think is more probable: H or ~H? If you look at how typical ~H is and how likely the evidence is if ~H is correct, then I believe that we must see ~H (which stands for the student did not do their homework) as more probable. The below picture demonstrates this. Please note that higher probability is represented as being heavier i.e. lower in the weight-scale pictures below.

The teacher is using Bayesian reasoning, so they don’t actually take ~H (student did not do their homework) as being true. They take it as being probable given the available evidence. The teacher knows that if new evidence is provided then this could make the H more probable and ~H less probable. So, knowing this the teacher tells the student that if they bring in their completed homework tomorrow and provide some new evidence then they will not get a detention tomorrow. 

Let’s assume that the next day the student does bring in their completed homework and they also bring in the remains of the original homework that looks like it has been eaten by a dog. Now, the teacher, since they have received new evidence, must update the probabilities of the hypotheses. The teacher also remembers the original evidence (the student’s diligence). When the teacher updates the probabilities of the hypotheses, H (student did their homework) becomes more probable and ~H (student did not do their homework) becomes less probable, but note that it is not considered impossible. After updating the probabilities of the hypotheses the teacher decides to let the student out of the detention. This is because the teacher now sees H as being the best hypothesis that is able to explain the evidence.

The below picture demonstrates the updated probabilities.

If your reasoning is similar to the teachers, then congratulations. Because this means that you are using Bayesian reasoning. Bayesian reasoning involves incorporating conditional probabilities and updating these probabilities when new evidence is provided.

You may be looking at this and wondering what all the fuss is over Bayes’ Theorem. You might be asking yourself: why do people think this is so important? Well, it is true that the actual process of weighing evidence and changing beliefs is not a new practice, but the importance of the theorem does not actually come from the process, but from the fact that this process has been quantified, i,e, made it into an expressible equation (Bayes’ Theorem). 

Overall, the theorem and its related reasoning are useful because they take into account alternative explanations and how likely they are given the evidence that you are seeing. This means that you can’t just get a theory and take it to be true if it fits the evidence. You need to also look at alternative hypotheses and see if they explain the evidence better. This leads you to start thinking about all hypotheses in terms of probabilities rather than certainties. It also leads you to think about beliefs in terms of evidence. If we follow Bayes’ Theorem, then nothing is just true. Thing are instead only probable because they are backed up by evidence. A corollary of this is that different evidence leads to different probabilities.