Tail SP 500 Call Options
post by sapphire (deluks917) · 2025-01-23T05:21:51.221Z · LW · GW · 21 commentsContents
21 comments
SPX is an index fund that tracks the SP500. Right now SPX is worth about 6100 per share. For individual stocks, even the large ones, you can usually only buy options through Dec 2027. However SPX has options that expire in Dec 2028 / 29 / 30[1]. Such options with strike prices of 10K, 11K, or 12K seem extremely lucrative to me. Max dated SPY calls are also a good option. The obvious motivation is AI progress. But the naive analysis suggests these are a good way to get exposure to something we want anyway.
Current prices look like this: A very rough summary of the price curve is as follows: Each 1K step halves the price. Moving forward one year halves the price. Here are the prices:
I looked at the SP 500's cumulative returns over every 3/4/5/6 year period from 1927 to 2024. There are 91 such six-year periods and 94 three year periods. Here is the count where returns exceed the following thresholds:
If we hit 14K by the end of 2028 then the 12K-28 calls will 100x. The 10k-28 calls will roughly 55x. You can do your own math even ignoring AI progress the naive base rate is favorable. Of course the past might not be like the present. But given that many of us expect rapid AI progress getting exposure to tail events is very attractive.
Unfortunately SPX options have very annoying tax treatment. You always pay 60/40 long term/short-term cap gains tax. However, at the end of each year you are taxed on unrealized gains and update your cost basis. This is equivalent to selling on Dec 31st and rebuying at the same price on Jan 1st. This effectively forces you to rebalance each year. Its not the worst thing in the world. You can take profit, roll calls forward, pay taxes. But it is definitely not ideal given our goals.
Amazing SPY, despite SPY = SPX/10, does not have this issue and is taxed normally. However SPY options only go til EOY 2027 and the highest strike is 900 (Equivalent to 9K SPY). Such calls cost about 6.6 per contract. If SPX goes to 10K those options will pay 100 per contract so 15x. This does not strike me as nearly as lucrative given the base rates, though it still looks good. I am willing to accept the worse tax treatment. If my gains get too high I will move to Puerto Rico in time to avoid paying taxes on my gains.
Calls on Individual AI related stocks tend to be extremely expensive. The most extreme tail option on nvidia (147 stock price) is the Jan 2027 - 300 strike. These cost ~14 per contract. If Nvidia triples in 2 years these only pay ~10x. Microsoft options are also expensive, though more plausible. It is currently 446 per stock. The Dec 2027 - 640 strike contract costs 35. This would pay a more reasonable 20x if Microsoft triples in only three years.
Feel free to double check my numbers (which I downloaded from macrotrends). https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/13EEJSLco9kwWqn5wDuTsI1cj6iVHFTBqPud9uWLILBQ/edit?usp=drivesdk
I will say I delayed posting this because I was planning on being extra careful given Lesswrong norms. However my Calls have appreciated in the mean time. So I figure I should just post.
- ^
The 2030 options just lunched and are not very liquid. Liquidity should improve.
21 comments
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comment by NoahK (wolframhead) · 2025-01-23T05:36:01.623Z · LW(p) · GW(p)
I basically agree with this analysis. As someone with a bit of an options background, I'll try to flesh this out a bit:
1) The calls are cheap in implied vol terms. Depending on what you buy, you'll probably pay around a 13-15 implied vol. (Note that some brokerages will tell you it's even cheaper, but they are probably forgetting dividends).
2) The spreads in the calls are extremely wide. If you pursue this strategy, do not pay the offer. You should try to get filled somewhere around mid market (although you will have to aggress a little).
3) The calls have the potential to make large returns if the market merely reprices implied volatility. For instance, the 10k Dec 2029 call - trading around 170 right now with an IV of 14.9 - would be worth $370 if long dated upside vol went to 20 and $600 if it went to 25.
↑ comment by Jonas V (Jonas Vollmer) · 2025-01-23T08:55:02.680Z · LW(p) · GW(p)
Yeah, you will get much better fills if you walk your options limit orders (manually or automatically, see here for an example of an automatic implementation: https://www.schwab.com/content/how-to-place-walk-limit-order). Market makers will often fill your nearly-mid-market limit orders within seconds.
comment by CMinge · 2025-01-23T15:44:58.912Z · LW(p) · GW(p)
A case against this type of trade is made here https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/yFkNYyspBBqfSeBx9/against-using-stock-prices-to-forecast-ai-timelines [LW · GW]
Relevant quote: "Fourth, and quite importantly, it is not obvious whether expectations of transformative AI would raise or lower stock prices. This is because, as described in the previous subsection, stock prices reflect the present-discounted value of future profits; and advanced AI may raise those future profits, but – as the central thesis of this piece argues – advanced AI would also raise the interest rate used to discount those profits. The net effect on stock prices is not immediately obvious."
comment by somescience · 2025-01-24T06:23:15.324Z · LW(p) · GW(p)
I'm skeptical about this. I think a doubling of SPY requires one or a suitable combination of the following:
1. A doubling of the fraction of money that sits in the stock market relative to all money, in the sense of M2. (o1 tells me that we're at a ratio between 0.5 and 1.0, where ratios >1.0 are possible.)
2. A doubling of SP500 market cap relative to all global stocks' market cap, expressed in USD. (The data I get from Perplexity indicates that this ratio is currently at 0.47.)
3. A doubling of global M2 money supply expressed in USD.
Basically these quantities multiply to SPY by a straightforward Fermi-type estimate. Which one of these are you betting on with AI? Isn't a doubling in the first or second a bit implausible?
Maybe I'm missing something? I'm no economist, and I also haven't carefully checked the data used in the first two items.
Or perhaps your bet is on a doubling of the first? I'd be worried that a ratio of >1.0 indicates overextension of the stock market, but I'm not sure.
↑ comment by sapphire (deluks917) · 2025-01-24T09:43:26.043Z · LW(p) · GW(p)
Your understanding of global assets seems quite wrong. These are 2024 numbers so slightly out of date. Fir example public companies total around 111 trillion now. The sp500 is around 52 trillion fwiw.
'Global real estate, encompassing residential, commercial and agricultural lands, cemented its status as the world's largest repository of wealth in 2022 when the market reached a value of $379.7 trillion.
According to a report from international real estate adviser Savills, this value is more than global equities ($98.9 trillion) and debt securities ($129.8 trillion) combined and nearly four times the global gross domestic product ($100.6 trillion)."
Total money is around the same as debt. Private companies add up to a lot but I'm not sure anyone has a good estimate.
I'm not going to get into all the implications. But your premises are not true.
Replies from: somescience↑ comment by somescience · 2025-01-24T14:30:04.316Z · LW(p) · GW(p)
Thanks for the clarification. I don't see how your numbers contradict mine. But if I understand correctly: you're betting on my item 1, and you don't view it as a problem if the ratio of total market cap of stocks to money supply is >1, given that the real estate market already is like that. That seems reasonable, and I'm less skeptical now.
BTW how have you decided which fraction of your wealth to invest into this? Kelly doesn't apply because this is a single-shot scenario, so how did you go about this?
↑ comment by sapphire (deluks917) · 2025-01-24T18:19:04.044Z · LW(p) · GW(p)
We are clearly looking at things differently. That's fine. But if two people see things differently I don't think it's wise to map what they are saying into your ontology.
comment by Jonas V (Jonas Vollmer) · 2025-01-23T05:28:49.774Z · LW(p) · GW(p)
I own lots of SPY/SPX calls and agree with this perspective. I think QQQ calls also look pretty good (and have done great over the last year).
comment by Zach Stein-Perlman · 2025-01-23T19:46:23.348Z · LW(p) · GW(p)
Thanks. The tax treatment is terrible. And I would like more clarity on how transformative AI would affect S&P 500 prices (per this comment [LW(p) · GW(p)]). But this seems decent (alongside AI-related calls) because 6 years is so long.
comment by Frank Grimes (frank-grimes) · 2025-01-23T17:00:37.680Z · LW(p) · GW(p)
If you think SPY will go up because it's gone up historically, there's more direct ways to get leverage on SPY than buying a 2030 call. If all you thought was that AI will change everything, SPY doesn't seem like the right thing to buy -- wouldn't you want something with more exposure to AI?
Replies from: DPiepgrass↑ comment by DPiepgrass · 2025-01-23T19:42:57.465Z · LW(p) · GW(p)
In the short term, yes. In the medium term, the entire economy would be transformed by AGI or quasi-AGI, likely increasing broad stock indices (I also expect there will be various other effects I can't predict, maybe including factors that mute stock prices, whether dystopian disaster or non-obvious human herd behavior).
comment by PeterMcCluskey · 2025-01-23T16:27:10.968Z · LW(p) · GW(p)
The market seems to underestimate the extent to which Micron (MU) is an AI stock. My only options holdings for now are December 2026 MU calls.
Replies from: DPiepgrass, Rasool↑ comment by DPiepgrass · 2025-01-23T19:14:54.374Z · LW(p) · GW(p)
I'm curious, what makes it more of an AI stock than... whatever you're comparing it to?
comment by Pablo (Pablo_Stafforini) · 2025-01-23T13:37:17.972Z · LW(p) · GW(p)
I agree this looks promising and is the reason I bought long-dated SPY calls a few weeks ago (already up by 30%). But I would feel more reassured if I felt I could understand why such an opportunity persists. What is the mental state of the person on the other end of this trade?
Replies from: CMinge, DPiepgrass↑ comment by CMinge · 2025-01-23T15:03:57.930Z · LW(p) · GW(p)
I assume the person on the other side of the trade thinks a reasonable probability distribution for the S&P 500 tail events is roughly what the distribution in fact was for S&P 500 tail events in the last century (with some minor-moderate adjustments for changes to the economy). The current market price for 12k-2028 implies a chance of profit of 1.81%, which is around how often, in Sapphire's analysis, that the S&P 500 doubled in 4 years, 4.3% (which is the scenario where the 12k-2028 calls would be in the money by expiration).
Less precisely, the other person basically expects that the options they're selling will most likely go to 0, since similar options have almost always gone to 0 historically. So writing more contracts gets them money in exchange for a slim chance they would need to sell other assets to cover a loss.
↑ comment by DPiepgrass · 2025-01-23T19:34:36.653Z · LW(p) · GW(p)
I've seen a lot of finance videos talking about the stock market and macroeconomics/future trends that never once mention AI/AGI. And many who do talk about AI think it's just a bubble and/or that AI ≅ LLMs/DALL·E; prices seem high for such a person. And as Francois Chollet noted, "LLMs have sucked the oxygen out of the room" which I think could possibly slow down progress toward AGI enough that a traditional Gartner hype cycle plays out, leading to temporarily cooler investment/prices... hope so, fingers crossed.
comment by Pablo (Pablo_Stafforini) · 2025-01-23T13:27:04.827Z · LW(p) · GW(p)
Can you share the spreadsheet/code on which the calculations are based?
Replies from: deluks917↑ comment by sapphire (deluks917) · 2025-01-23T18:18:58.146Z · LW(p) · GW(p)
Done.
comment by j_timeberlake · 2025-01-24T21:07:58.097Z · LW(p) · GW(p)
What are you specifically planning to accomplish?
In a post-ASI world, the assumption that investment capital returns are honored by society is basically gone. Like the last game in a very long series of iterated prisoner's dilemma, there's no longer a need to Cooperate. There's still time between now and then to invest, but the generic "more long-term capital = good" mindset seems insufficient without an exit strategy or final use case.
Personally, I'm trying to balance various risks regarding the choppy years right before ASI, and also maximize charitable outcomes while I still have some agency in this world.
comment by Cheese Mann (cheese-mann) · 2025-01-24T20:25:45.919Z · LW(p) · GW(p)
I agree with this and think it's interesting (I actually already have a nice block of SPY leaps)
That said, I have far more conviction in NVDA and similar assets, so I think my total profit from either strategy would work out to be about the same
Like NVDA could 10x, this could 50x, but I'm gonna put 5x as much in NVDA