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Sorry; I thought I had used the "Question" type.
What's preventing MIRI from making massive investments into human intelligence augmentation? If I recall correctly, MIRI is most constrained on research ideas, but human intelligence augmentation is a huge research idea that other grantmakers, for whatever reason, aren't funding. There are plenty of shovel-ready proposals already, e.g. https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/JEhW3HDMKzekDShva/significantly-enhancing-adult-intelligence-with-gene-editing; why doesn't MIRI fund them?
Thank you very much! I won't be sending you a bounty, as you're not an AI ethicist of the type discussed here, but I'd be happy to send $50 to a charity of your choice. Which one do you want?
I've seen plenty of AI x-risk skeptics present their object-level argument, and I'm not interested in paying out a bounty for stuff I already have. I'm most interested in the arguments from this specific school of thought, and that's why I'm offering the terms I offer.
Man, this article hits different now that I know the psychopharmacology theory of the FTX crash...
Have any prizes been awarded yet? I haven't heard anything about prizes, but that could have just been that I didn't win one...
I'm still not sure why exactly people (I'm thinking of a few in particular, but this applies to many in the field) tell very detailed stories of AI domination like "AI will use protein nanofactories to embed tiny robots in our bodies to destroy all of humanity at the press of a button." This seems like a classic use of the conjunction fallacy, and it doesn't seem like those people really flinch from the word "and" like the Sequences tell them they should.
Furthermore, it seems like people within AI alignment aren't taking the "sci-fi" criticism as seriously as they could. I don't think most people who have that objection are saying "this sounds like science fiction, therefore it's wrong." I think they're more saying "these hypothetical scenarios are popular because they make good science fiction, not because they're likely." And I have yet to find a strong argument against the latter form of that point.
Please let me know if I'm doing an incorrect "steelman," or if I'm missing something fundamental here.
Some figures within machine learning have argued that the safety of broad-domain future AI is not a major concern. They argue that since narrow-domain present-day AI is already dangerous, this should be our primary concern, rather than that of future AI. But it doesn't have to be either/or.
Take climate change. Some climate scientists study the future possibilities of ice shelf collapses and disruptions of global weather cycles. Other climate scientists study the existing problems of more intense natural disasters and creeping desertification. But these two fields don't get into fights over which field is "more important." Instead, both fields can draw from a shared body of knowledge and respect each other's work as valuable and relevant.
The same principle applies to machine learning and artificial intelligence. Some researchers focus on remote but high-stakes research like the alignment of artificial general intelligence (AGI). Others focus on relatively smaller but nearer-term concerns like social media radicalization and algorithmic bias. These fields are both important in their own ways, and both fields have much to learn from each other. However, given how few resources have been put into AGI alignment compared to nearer-term research, many experts in the field feel that alignment research is currently more worthy of attention.
(tech executives, ML researchers)
You wouldn't hire an employee without references. Why would you make an AI that doesn't share your values?
(policymakers, tech executives)
The future is not a race between AI and humanity. It's a race between AI safety and AI disaster.
(Policymakers, tech executives)
We need to be proactive about AI safety, not reactive.
(Policymakers)
In the Soviet Union, there was a company that made machinery for vulcanizing rubber. They had the option to make more efficient machines, instead of their older models. However, they didn't do it, because they wouldn't get paid as much for making the new machines. Why would that be? Wouldn't more efficient machines be more desirable?
Well, yes, but the company got paid per pound of machine, and the new machines were lighter.
Now, you may say that this is just a problem with communist economies. Well, capitalist economies fall into very similar traps. If a company has a choice of making slightly more profit by putting massive amounts of pollution into public waterways, they'll very often do it. The profit that they get is concentrated to them, and the pollution of waterways is spread out over everyone else, so of course they'll do it. Not doing it would be just as foolish as the Soviet company making new machines that weighed less.
Modern machine learning systems used in artificial intelligence have very similar problems. Game-playing AIs have exploited glitches in the games they play. AIs rewarded based on human judgements have deceived their judges. Social media recommendation AIs have recommended posts that made people angry and radicalized their politics, because that counted as "engagement."
At this point, we have stumbled into an economic system which combines capitalist private enterprise with regulation to correct for market failures. But there may not be time for "stumbling" once superhuman-level AI comes around. If a superintelligent AI with poorly designed goals is told to make thumbtacks, and it decides to turn the universe and everyone in it into thumbtacks... we're doomed.
Let's make sure AI does what we want it to do, not just what we tell it to do, the first time.
(policymakers, tech executives, ML researchers)
There is an enormous amount of joy, fulfillment, exploration, discovery, and prosperity in humanity's future... but only if advanced AI values those things.
(Policymakers, tech executives)
Even if you don't assume that the long-term future matters much, preventing AI risk is still a valuable policy objective. Here's why.
In regulatory cost-benefit analysis, a tool called the "value of a statistical life" is used to measure how much value people place on avoiding risks to their own life (source). Most government agencies, by asking about topics like how much people will pay for safety features in their car or how much people are paid for working in riskier jobs, assign a value of about ten million dollars to one statistical life. That is, reducing the risk of a thousand people dying by one in a thousand each is worth ten million dollars of government money.
If experts on AI such as Stuart Russell are to be believed (and if they're not to be believed, who is?), then superintelligent AI poses a sizeable risk of leading to the end of humanity. For a very conservative estimate, let's just assume that the AI will only kill every single American. There are currently over 330 million Americans (source), and so the use of the value of a statistical life implies that reducing AI risk by just one in a million is worth:
330 million Americans * 1 outcome in which all of them die / 1 million outcomes * 10 million dollars / statistical life = $3,300,000,000
No, this is not a misprint. It is worth 3.3 billion dollars to reduce the risk of human extinction due to AI by one in one million, based on the government's own cost-effectiveness metrics, even assuming that the long-term future has no significance, and even assuming that non-American lives have no significance.
And AI experts say we could do a lot more for a lot less.
(policymakers)
Clarke’s First Law goes: When a distinguished but elderly scientist states that something is possible, he is almost certainly right. When he states that something is impossible, he is very probably wrong.
Stuart Russell is only 60. But what he lacks in age, he makes up in distinction: he’s a computer science professor at Berkeley, neurosurgery professor at UCSF, DARPA advisor, and author of the leading textbook on AI. His book Human Compatible states that superintelligent AI is possible; Clarke would recommend we listen.
(tech executives, ML researchers)
(adapted slightly from the first paragraphs of the Slate Star Codex review of Human Compatible)
Climate change was weird in the 1980s. Pandemics were weird in the 2010s. Every world problem is weird... until it happens.
(policymakers)
AI might be nowhere near human-level yet. We're also nowhere near runaway climate change, but we still care about it.
(policymakers, tech executives)
"Follow the science" doesn't just apply to pandemics. It's time to listen to AI experts, not AI pundits.
(policymakers)
Fixed; thanks!
This seems like it falls into the trap of being "too weird" for policymakers to take seriously. Good concept; maybe work on the execution a bit?
I thought that would ruin the parallelism and flow a bit, and this isn't intended for the "paragraph" category, so I didn't put that in yet.
There is a certain strain of thinker who insists on being more naturalist than Nature. They will say with great certainty that since Thor does not exist, Mr. Tesla must not exist either, and that the stories of Asclepius disprove Pasteur. This is quite backwards: it is reasonable to argue that a machine will never think because the Mechanical Turk couldn't; it is madness to say it will never think because Frankenstein's monster could. As well demand that we must deny Queen Victoria lest we accept Queen Mab, or doubt Jack London lest we admit Jack Frost. Nature has never been especially interested in looking naturalistic, and it ignores these people entirely and does exactly what it wants.
(adapted from Scott Alexander's G. K. Chesterton on AI Risk)
(policymakers, tech executives)
You might think that AI risk is no big deal. But would you bet your life on it?
(policymakers)
Betting against the people who said pandemics were a big deal, six years ago, is a losing proposition.
(policymakers, tech executives)
(source)
Just because tech billionaires care about AI risk doesn't mean you shouldn't. Even if a fool says the sky is blue, it's still blue.
(policymakers, maybe ML researchers)
Hoping you'll run out of gas before you drive off a cliff is a losing strategy. Align AGI; don't count on long timelines.
(ML researchers)
(adapted from Human Compatible)
If the media reported on other dangers like it reported on AI risk, it would talk about issues very differently. It would compare events in the Middle East to Tom Clancy novels. It would dismiss runaway climate change by saying it hasn't happened yet. It would think of the risk of nuclear war in terms of putting people out of work. It would compare asteroid impacts to mudslides. It would call meteorologists "nerds" for talking about hurricanes.
AI risk is serious, and it isn't taken seriously. It's time to look past the sound bites and focus on what experts are really saying.
(policymakers, tech executives)
(based on Scott Alexander's post on the subject)
People said man wouldn't fly for a million years. Airplanes were fighting each other eleven years later. Superintelligent AI might happen faster than you think. (policymakers, tech executives) (source) (other source)
If we can't keep advanced AI safe for us, it will keep itself safe from us... and we probably won't be happy with the result. (policymakers)
One of my one-liners was written by an AI. You probably can't tell which one. Imagine what AI could do once it's even more powerful. (tech executives, ML researchers)
AI could be the best or worst thing to ever happen to humanity. It all depends on how we design and program them. (policymakers, tech executives)
Building advanced AI without knowing how to align it is like launching a rocket without knowing how gravity works. (tech executives, ML researchers)
(based on MIRI's "The Rocket Alignment Problem")
When AI’s smarter than we are, we have to be sure it shares our values: after all, we won’t understand how it thinks. (policymakers, tech executives)
Social media AI has already messed up politics, and AI's only getting more powerful from here on out. (policymakers)