Can the Chain Still Hold You?

post by lukeprog · 2012-01-13T01:28:25.336Z · LW · GW · Legacy · 361 comments

Robert Sapolsky:

Baboons... literally have been the textbook example of a highly aggressive, male-dominated, hierarchical society. Because these animals hunt, because they live in these aggressive troupes on the Savannah... they have a constant baseline level of aggression which inevitably spills over into their social lives.

Scientists have never observed a baboon troupe that wasn't highly aggressive, and they have compelling reasons to think this is simply baboon nature, written into their genes. Inescapable.

Or at least, that was true until the 1980s, when Kenya experienced a tourism boom.

Sapolsky was a grad student, studying his first baboon troupe. A new tourist lodge was built at the edge of the forest where his baboons lived. The owners of the lodge dug a hole behind the lodge and dumped their trash there every morning, after which the males of several baboon troupes — including Sapolsky's — would fight over this pungent bounty.

Before too long, someone noticed the baboons didn't look too good. It turned out they had eaten some infected meat and developed tuberculosis, which kills baboons in weeks. Their hands rotted away, so they hobbled around on their elbows. Half the males in Sapolsky's troupe died.

This had a surprising effect. There was now almost no violence in the troupe. Males often reciprocated when females groomed them, and males even groomed other males. To a baboonologist, this was like watching Mike Tyson suddenly stop swinging in a heavyweight fight to start nuzzling Evander Holyfield. It never happened.

This was interesting, but Sapolsky moved to the other side of the park and began studying other baboons. His first troupe was "scientifically ruined" by such a non-natural event. But really, he was just heartbroken. He never visited.

Six years later, Sapolsky wanted to show his girlfriend where he had studied his first troupe, and found that they were still there, and still surprisingly violence-free. This one troupe had apparently been so transformed by their unusual experience — and the continued availability of easy food — that they were now basically non-violent.

And then it hit him.

Only one of the males now in the troupe had been through the event. All the rest were new, and hadn't been raised in the tribe. The new males had come from the violent, dog-eat-dog world of normal baboon-land. But instead of coming into the new troupe and roughing everybody up as they always did, the new males had learned, "We don't do stuff like that here." They had unlearned their childhood culture and adapted to the new norms of the first baboon pacifists.

As it turned out, violence wasn't an unchanging part of baboon nature. In fact it changed rather quickly, when the right causal factor flipped, and — for this troupe and the new males coming in — it has stayed changed to this day.

Somehow, the violence had been largely circumstantial. It was just that the circumstances had always been the same.

Until they weren't.

We still don't know how much baboon violence to attribute to nature vs. nurture, or exactly how this change happened. But it's worth noting that changes like this can and do happen pretty often.

Slavery was ubiquitous for millennia. Until it was outlawed in every country on Earth.

Humans had never left the Earth. Until we achieved the first manned orbit and the first manned moon landing in a single decade.

Smallpox occasionally decimated human populations for thousands of years. Until it was eradicated.

The human species was always too weak to render itself extinct. Until we discovered the nuclear chain reaction and manufactured thousands of atomic bombs.

Religion had a grip on 99.5% or more of humanity until 1900, and then the rate of religious adherence plummeted to 85% by the end of the century. Whole nations became mostly atheistic, largely because for the first time the state provided people some basic stability and security. (Some nations became atheistic because of atheistic dictators, others because they provided security and stability to their citizens.)

I would never have imagined I could have the kinds of conversations I now regularly have at the Singularity Institute, where people change their degrees of belief several times in a single conversation as new evidence and argument is presented, where everyone at the table knows and applies a broad and deep scientific understanding, where people disagree strongly and say harsh-sounding things (due to Crocker's rules) but end up coming to agreement after 10 minutes of argument and carry on as if this is friendship and business as usual — because it is.

But then, never before has humanity had the combined benefits of an overwhelming case for one correct probability theory, a systematic understanding of human biases and how they work, free access to most scientific knowledge, and a large community of people dedicated to the daily practice of CogSci-informed rationality exercises and to helping each other improve.

This is part of what gives me a sense that more is possible. Compared to situational effects, we tend to overestimate the effects of lasting dispositions on people's behavior — the fundamental attribution error. But I, for one, was only taught to watch out for this error in explaining the behavior of individual humans, even though the bias also appears when explaining the behavior of humans as a species. I suspect this is partly due to the common misunderstanding that heritability measures the degree to which a trait is due to genetic factors. Another reason may be that for obvious reasons scientists rarely try very hard to measure the effects of exposing human subjects to radically different environments like an artificial prison or total human isolation.

When taming a baby elephant, its trainer will chain one of its legs to a post. When the elephant tries to run away, the chain and the post are strong enough to keep it in place. But when the elephant grows up, it is strong enough to break the chain or uproot the post. Yet the owner can still secure the elephant with the same chain and post, because the elephant has been conditioned to believe it cannot break free. It feels the tug of the chain and gives up — a kind of learned helplessness. The elephant acts as if it thinks the chain's limiting power is intrinsic to nature rather than dependent on a causal factor that held for years but holds no longer.

Much has changed in the past few decades, and much will change in the coming years. Sometimes it's good to check if the chain can still hold you. Do not be tamed by the tug of history. Maybe with a few new tools and techniques you can just get up and walk away — to a place you've never seen before.

361 comments

Comments sorted by top scores.

comment by Scott Alexander (Yvain) · 2012-01-12T20:54:00.769Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

It's inspiring to know that we really can create a better and more peaceful society, just by pursuing some simple ideals like killing fifty percent of males.

(I didn't fully understand that part. So the males who ate the infected meat didn't spread the TB to females? And when the male/female ratio changed, that shifted the social dynamics and made everyone more peaceful because there was less reason for status competition? Or because the next generation had only nonviolent female role models and so learned less violence?)

Replies from: tut, TheOtherDave, Viliam_Bur, prase, lukeprog, MugaSofer
comment by tut · 2012-01-13T14:29:07.921Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

No. I have heard Sapolsky tell that story before, and unless I completely misunderstood it the point is not that killing males made them peaceful, but that the strongest and most aggressive males disappeared. Then the remaining baboons in the troop were females and submissive males, and any new arrivals were integrated in a baboon "society" that had been created by females and submissive males.

comment by TheOtherDave · 2012-01-12T21:13:59.206Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

This is otherwise known as the Dexter Principle: if you're gonna kill 'em anyway, you may as well make the world better while you're at it.

Replies from: NancyLebovitz
comment by NancyLebovitz · 2012-01-13T01:43:51.685Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Faint memory-- I think the higher status males had more access to the tainted food.

Replies from: isaacschlueter
comment by isaacschlueter · 2012-01-13T01:59:28.810Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

As I've heard it explained, there was a lot of contention for the free food in the garbage pit. It was highly desirable, so the most agressive alpha males took it over, and jealously guarded it. So, the weaker males (and females and young) stayed behind.

Replies from: Wrongnesslessness
comment by Wrongnesslessness · 2012-01-13T05:37:20.263Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

So the true lesson of this post is that we should get rid of all the aggressive alpha males in our society. I guess I always found the idea obvious, but now that it has been validated, can we please start devising some plan for implementing it?

Replies from: wedrifid, loup-vaillant
comment by wedrifid · 2012-01-13T06:10:26.222Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

So the true lesson of this post is that we should get rid of all the aggressive alpha males in our society. I guess I always found the idea obvious, but now that it has been validated, can we please start devising some plan for implementing it?

Sod off! Overt aggression is a pleasant relief compared to the subtle, catty 'niceness' that the most competitive humans excel at. Only get rid of aggressive alpha males who act out violently (ie. those without sufficient restraint to abide by laws.)

Replies from: None, Wrongnesslessness, TheOtherDave
comment by [deleted] · 2012-01-13T21:57:59.990Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Or just use advanced technology to make it so that violence has no overly unpleasant or permanent consequences.

comment by Wrongnesslessness · 2012-01-13T11:55:09.154Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Sod off! Overt aggression is a pleasant relief compared to the subtle, catty 'niceness' that the most competitive humans excel at.

Hmm... Doesn't this look like something an aggressive alpha male would say?..

Uh-oh!

Replies from: wedrifid
comment by wedrifid · 2012-01-13T16:18:56.375Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Hmm... Doesn't this look like something an aggressive alpha male would say?..

It's almost as though I responded to scheming to kill all people with the traits 'male' and 'aggressive' with benign aggression deliberately. For instance it could be that I would prefer to designate myself as part of the powerful group as opposed to the embittered group trying to scheme against them!

comment by TheOtherDave · 2012-01-13T14:20:42.741Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

If we want to keep the aggressive alpha males who don't abide by the rules of subtle catty 'niceness,' why not also keep the aggressive alpha males who don't abide by 'laws'?

Replies from: wedrifid
comment by wedrifid · 2012-01-13T16:01:11.029Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

If we want to keep the aggressive alpha males who don't abide by the rules of subtle catty 'niceness,' why not also keep the aggressive alpha males who don't abide by 'laws'?

I don't understand the relevance here. Why on earth should keeping people who aren't bitchy Machiavellian moralizers mean you must also keep people who break the laws to do physical violence upon one another. That's a seriously bizarre reference class to try to enforce consistency within.

In general I don't put much stock in moral, ethical or values based arguments of the form "If X then why not also Y. I say X is similar to Y!". Usually the appropriate response is "because I want X and I don't want Y - the fact that you identify one common feature between the two is meaningless to me". In this case however the "if then you must" barely makes sense at all!

Replies from: TheOtherDave
comment by TheOtherDave · 2012-01-13T16:27:53.693Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

There are some things we collectively discourage one another from doing.

Some of those, we discourage via laws. Call that set A.
Some of those, we discourage via "the rules of subtle catty 'niceness'". Call that set B.

(Of course, A and B are not disjoint.)

For some of those discouraged things it turns out to be valuable, or at least desirable, to have some people around who do them anyway. Call that set C.

It seemed to me you were suggesting that the intersection of B and C is non-empty (and therefore we should keep the people who ignore "the rules of subtle catty 'niceness'") but that the intersection of B and A is empty (and therefore we should get rid of people "without sufficient restraint to abide by law").

I find it pretty implausible that we've defined our laws in such a way that that's true, especially given how much variation there is in law from place to place. So I find it implausible that getting rid of the A-averse B-doers in each municipality is the optimal approach.

I have no idea what the phrase "if then you must" is doing there.

Replies from: wedrifid
comment by wedrifid · 2012-01-13T16:47:48.087Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

It seemed to me you were suggesting that the intersection of B and C is non-empty

For what it is worth, I didn't. I didn't suggest anything about set B whatsoever. The closest relationship of that concept has is that the behavioral tendencies declared to be more undesirable than aggressive alphaness - the more sophisticated and hypocritical aggression - can sometimes superficially portray themselves as "set B enforcement".

I have no idea what the phrase "if then you must" is doing there.

It means I would probably have rejected the game of "Moral Reference Class Tennis" even if this one wasn't non-sequitur. I reject nearly all of them.

comment by loup-vaillant · 2012-01-13T14:51:58.131Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

You might want to be extra-careful with your plan. Because, you know, power corrupts.

comment by Viliam_Bur · 2012-01-13T10:14:58.803Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

It's inspiring to know that we really can create a better and more peaceful society, just by pursuing some simple ideals like killing fifty percent of males.

I think some famous feminist recommended unspecified disappearing of 90% of males to make the world a better place, but right now I can't find the quote.

However, from scientific point of view, this situation could be an inspiration for some interesting experiments. If you remove dominant males from one generation, how long does it take until the next generation creates new ones? (I would expect one or two at most.)

Replies from: _ozymandias, Yvain, Prismattic, TimS, NancyLebovitz, ChickPea, wedrifid
comment by _ozymandias · 2012-01-13T13:37:50.839Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

It's Mary Daly, Catholic theologian and radical feminist: http://www.enlightennext.org/magazine/j16/daly.asp?pf=1

Replies from: None
comment by [deleted] · 2012-01-14T17:01:29.913Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

How can you ... uhm ... be both?

comment by Scott Alexander (Yvain) · 2012-01-13T18:13:21.383Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Well, there's some evidence that having a ratio skewed in favor of males in a society increases violence. I don't know if you could make the contrary claim that one skewed in favor of females would actually decrease violence.

You'd have to distinguish between the relatively uncontroversial claim that unmarried males (who'll be more common with a pro-male sex ratio) are the most likely group to commit violence, versus the very speculative claim that even if all males have sufficient opportunity to marry off, more female presence will make them less violent - either because "female values" dominate the society, or because the less competition for "sufficiently good" mates they expect, the less competitive they will act.

Replies from: TheOtherDave
comment by TheOtherDave · 2012-01-13T18:20:39.374Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

If I'm understanding you right, you are assuming that a ratio not skewed to favor males or females would result in no more unmarried males than a ratio skewed to favor females.

Am I understanding you right?

If so... that seems unlikely to me. Can you say more about why you expect it?

Replies from: Yvain
comment by Scott Alexander (Yvain) · 2012-01-13T21:38:20.665Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

You are of course right, although I stick to the general point that we have to distinguish an effect of fewer unmarried males from an effect that does not directly involve fewer unmarried males.

comment by Prismattic · 2012-01-14T01:23:28.507Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

I think some famous feminist recommended unspecified disappearing of 90% of males to make the world a better place, but right now I can't find the quote.

This is a really bizarre desire for a feminist to express -- not saying it didn't happen, just that whatever feminist said it didn't think too far ahead.

Replies from: Viliam_Bur
comment by Viliam_Bur · 2012-01-14T16:44:58.838Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

I guess a feminist that imagines a perfect continent inhabited only by women, does not imagine it inhabited by heterosexual women.

All my information about this topic is second-hand, but it seems to me that a few feminists were promoting female homosexuality as a weapon against "patriarchy".

Replies from: MixedNuts
comment by MixedNuts · 2012-01-14T17:00:42.353Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Some were, and some were promoting something they called "lesbianism" but that didn't involve any actual sex. More like an asexual society that encouraged sort-of-romantic relationships between women.

Replies from: HungryTurtle
comment by HungryTurtle · 2012-02-10T02:07:33.857Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Some were, and some were promoting something they called "lesbianism" but that didn't involve any actual sex. More like an asexual society that encouraged sort-of-romantic relationships between women.

Ok but these are the radical minority, and an outdated radical minority at that. Feminism at its core is adopting a dialectic of gender/sex and becoming more aware of the power structures in both these social constructions. Feminists, at least any you would work under in a legitimate research program today, would never support ridiculous claims about getting rid of 90% of men or weaponizing lesbianism to combat patriarchy. Quite frankly these ideas are somewhat offensive to the field of feminism both as a humanistic pursuit and a branch of academia.

Replies from: MixedNuts, TimS
comment by MixedNuts · 2012-02-10T11:42:35.580Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

I support studying law even though trial by combat used to exist, I don't support claiming that "Some judges liked trials by combat" is offensive to modern judges.

Replies from: HungryTurtle
comment by HungryTurtle · 2012-02-10T13:09:45.539Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

You seem to think I am arguing to hold the past to the modern standard, I am not. I am arguing the necessity of distinction between antiquated and current practices. It is commonly understood that within the sphere of law death matches and blood sport in general are antiquated practices and do not represent the normative thoughts and actions of "law". On the other hand, from reading the comments on this essay it does not seem so clear that the practices and ideas that are discussed are antiquated forms of feminism that have been obsolete for several decades. All I did was point out that the ideas being represented as feminism in this discussion are a gross misrepresentation of it, and I don't see what is negative about that.

comment by TimS · 2012-02-10T14:00:12.962Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

I thought the point of the gender/sex distinction was to separate the social-constructedness of being a woman or man from the biological facts. That men want to pee standing up is socially constructed, that it is easier for them to do so is just a fact about biology and physics.

Also, I agree with your persepctive and think it is sorely lacking here, but you are using a fair amount of technical jargon ("dialectic", "power structure"). Technical jargon inherently excludes, and I think your message would benefit from avoiding that dynamic. Additionally, it helps ensure that there is a meeting of the minds about the content of the disagreement. In other words, labels inhibit communication.

Anyway, welcome to LessWrong.

Replies from: HungryTurtle
comment by HungryTurtle · 2012-02-10T15:27:50.747Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Fair enough,

Well, let me start by saying there are 3 waves of feminism. The first wave is vaguely classified as pre 1960s feminism, and is largely wrong. The ideas that were listed above all come from that era and even for that era are considered radical positions.

I thought the point of the gender/sex distinction was to separate the social-constructedness of being a woman or man from the biological facts.

This is the idea of 2nd-wave feminism. That gender is socially constructed, but sex is a biological fact. Presently this idea has been disproven. Among 3rd wave feminists (which is the most advanced form of the discipline) it is accepted that BOTH gender AND sex are socially constructed. How could that be you might be wondering? Well, biologically the human species is capable of producing 5 sexes: Male, Female, Hermaphrodite, Mermaphrodite, and Fermaphrodite. Hermaphrodites have both male and female genitalia that are capable of sexual reproduction. Fermaphrodites have functioning male genital, but the female genitalia are not capable of sexual reproduction. Mermaphrodite is the opposite. Each has of these sexes is anatomically different. You may be thinking "well how come I never hear about 5 sexes?" Well because for thousands of years in western, as well as many cultures, hermaphrodites, mermaphrodites, and fermaphrodites have been eugenically diminished. Up until the 1990s American and European doctors would tell parents their child was born with a deficiency and perform an "urgent surgery" to make them either more male or more female. These operations were potentially lethal; many places still perform such operations, only now instead saying they are mandatory, doctors socially pressure parents into opting for them. Using such methods as telling parents "think about the life your child would lead," don't you want them to be normal?" There is nothing biologically threatening about being born a hermaphrodites, merm, or ferm. The only dangerous thing about it is the social stigmas it burdens a person with. Anyway, the point is that a perception of what is normal (the male-female dichotomy) has resulted in the intentional out breeding of more sexes, thus making sex a social construction. If you would like to read more about this, or third wave feminism in general, I would suggest starting with Judith Butler. She is pretty much the matriarch of modern feminist thought. Her writing is highly influenced by Derrida. It has a post-modern air to it that at times is pretentious, but beneath that her ideas are really brilliant.

Replies from: TimS, MixedNuts, MC_Escherichia, thomblake
comment by TimS · 2012-02-10T17:25:25.326Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

That is a lot to respond to. Yes, I'm mostly second-wave feminist. But I don't think that commits me to ignoring things like how feminism is a different issue for blacks and whites, or accepting any idiocy from Mary Daly. Nor does it require me to support doctors who pressure parents into unnecessary "sex correction" surgery.

I accept that science is socially constructed. That doesn't commit me to believing that there are no physical facts. I suspect that the five categories you listed will turn out to be misleading simplifications, and the truth will turn out to be closer to a continuum (cf. Kinsey). More generally, I think it is useful to distinguish between social constructions that are strongly tied to the physical world (sex) and social constructions that have low or no ties to the physical facts (gender roles).

More broadly, I think that the suffering caused by the social constructions of gender are much greater than the suffering caused by social constructions of sex. Further, I think improving the construction of gender will have the effect of improving the experience of people who have problems from the social construction of sex. For example, once gender role construction is improved, I think that people who desire sex-change surgeries will have a better life, even if nothing about the social construction of sex changes.

Finally, I like post-modernism - to the extent it is grounded in fact. Foucault is interesting because he was an excellent historian. By contrast, I once read a feminist paper on mutually assured destruction that was profoundly misguided. It attacked speakers at a conference on MAD for failing to explicitly note that megadeathes were a bad thing (as if everyone there didn't know that and assume it implicitly in the conversation). Can't find it online, or I'd give the cite.

Replies from: HungryTurtle
comment by HungryTurtle · 2012-02-10T18:52:27.887Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

That is a lot to respond to. Yes, I'm mostly second-wave feminist. But I don't think that commits me to ignoring things like how feminism is a different issue for blacks and whites, or accepting any idiocy from Mary Daly. Nor does it require me to support doctors who pressure parents into unnecessary "sex correction" surgery.

Sure. Accepting feminism is a different issue for black women and white women is the major distinction between first and second wave feminists. I don't think there is anything wrong if you have a stronger affinity to 2nd wave rather than 3rd. I mean, personally, I do think 3rd wave feminism is a more sophisticated level of analysis, but just as quantum mechanics does not necessarily make classical mechanics obsolete , I don't think aligning yourself with the second wave is particularly detrimental. I do think aligning with the first-wave is detrimental, which is where a lot discussed above decreasing the population of men come from.

I don't know if I would agree that the suffering caused by social constructions of gender is more damaging than that caused by social constructions of sex, let me think about it. I tend to think gender originates only after a construction of sex is created. For example, the NuGuo people in china accept hermaphrodites. Since they except them the develop gender roles for hermaphrodites.

Foucault is interesting.

Replies from: TimS
comment by TimS · 2012-02-24T14:59:46.447Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

I don't know if I would agree that the suffering caused by social constructions of gender is more damaging than that caused by social constructions of sex, let me think about it. I tend to think gender originates only after a construction of sex is created. For example, the NuGuo people in china accept hermaphrodites. Since they except them the develop gender roles for hermaphrodites.

I'd like to try to convince you that gender construction causes more harm than sex construction. Basically, gender construction affects everyone that doesn't fit well within ordinary gender expectations: nerdish boys who don't do sports, girls who are discouraged from various careers or women prevented from advancing, women suffering from body image issues. (I'm omitting more contentious examples and historical problems for which substantial progress has been made). Even if you think that these harms are much smaller than the harms from sex construction, there are overwhelmingly more people who suffer from them. This justified a focus on those issues over sex issues.

Also, there is value in highlighting which social constructions are based on physical facts of some kind and those that are not. I think gender falls entirely in that later - if it turns out that something I'd been calling gender had a physical basis, I would acknowledge error in my classification.

Finally, I think that fixing gender constructs would be beneficial to transgendered and other sex-construct sufferers. For example, the social rules about men using women's restrooms (and vice versa) are gendered, not sex constructed. But if we removed those social rules, transgender men using the "wrong" restroom would also suffer much less stigma (ideally, no stigma at all). Although this isn't a point about relative harms, I think it is useful in deciding the tactics of advocacy.

Replies from: HungryTurtle, army1987
comment by HungryTurtle · 2012-02-28T16:24:09.634Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Sorry for the late response, I have been really busy with work.

The variety of gender constructions in our society is the result of a societal objective to perserve a strict dichtomy of sex. Therefore while I would agree that more people are directly assualted with gender constructions, I would add that it is in protection of cultural beliefs about the construction of sex that a wide range of gender constructions are created and implemented. Or in other words, Gender constructions are the means by which constructions of sex are legitimized. Without importance on the later, the former would diminish into obscurity.

To illustrate this I would ask you to think about constructions of age in American society. As of late, there is not nearly as strict a dichotomy between "old" and "young" in American society as there is between "male" and "female." Of course there is still a clearly defined dichotomy (one set by law). But America does not have a multitude of age related norms and customs that would equal the concept of gender for sex. We are not trained to strictly categorize the way old or young people dress. Perhaps 30 years ago there were many hobbies and professions that were normatively bracketed to either old or young (A young person might be ridiculed for drinking prune juice? An old person might be looked down on for being too adamant about video games). However, I feel current American society has become even more accepting of occupational and recreational deviations from these normative age construction. It is generally acceptable for a man in his 40s to like video games, and while a child may be labeled "weird" for drinking prune juice, they are by no means subject to persecution because of it.

Replies from: TimS
comment by TimS · 2012-02-28T20:25:46.602Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

I don't think we have significant theoretical disagreement. I endorse the view that one of the social functions of gender constructions is to act as a firebreak for attempts to changes to sex constructions. That is, a strategy for improving the public's opinions of sex reassignment surgery (both consensual and non-consensual) that doesn't address boy-in-the-girl's-bathroom or marriage equality issues is doomed to failure.

I'm making an assertion about tactics - that gender constructions are the low hanging fruit to target. I expect them to be easier to change because they are not as entangled with the biological facts (and history suggests that they are slightly easier to change). More broadly, I don't think that the only purpose of gender constructions is to preserve sex constructions. For example, the guy-as-jock meme is independent of any modern biological facts about men, as far as I can tell.


Sorry for the late response, I have been really busy with work.

No worries, mon :)

Replies from: HungryTurtle
comment by HungryTurtle · 2012-02-28T21:32:29.217Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

I think our disagreement is primarily a methodological one. You are aiming at the low hanging fruit, but I feel like if we don't dig up the roots of the problem similar fruit will eventually grow again. I want a new tree.

Replies from: TimS
comment by TimS · 2012-02-29T00:42:24.505Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

I want a new tree, too. I think uprooting the current tree doesn't guarantee that a better tree will grow in its place. In fact, I worry that the backlash from uprooting the tree will help plant the seeds for a worse tree.

Replies from: HungryTurtle
comment by HungryTurtle · 2012-02-29T01:41:29.928Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Yeah that is a valid worry. I concede my point. The potential impact from uprooting the tree combined with the multitude of potential unknowns make strategic clipping of the fruit seem the better option. I never imagined that I would find an argument for moderate change in such a progress oriented community.

Replies from: TimS
comment by TimS · 2012-03-01T01:47:20.424Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Yeah, this community's meaning of progress doesn't align well with a politically active feminist's meaning of progress. For the most part, the majority of members of this community hope for scientific advances that make our questions moot. That's not a totally unreasonable hope, in the abstract: many advances in female empowerment follow from the invention of The Pill - a reliable method for separating sex from procreation. Once that separation occurred, it became much more obvious how disconnected from physical fact many gender constructs really were.

That said, I think that the LessWrong community as a whole underestimates the impact of constructed social meaning. Part of that is unexamined traditionalism and part of it is the community's well settled aversion to discussing practical social engineering.

Replies from: HungryTurtle
comment by HungryTurtle · 2012-03-01T02:20:03.601Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

I am not completely against change. I just think progress ceases to be progress if it accelerates to the point where humans are unable to acclimate to it.

Replies from: TimS
comment by TimS · 2012-03-01T02:42:23.988Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

I don't think I understand.

Replies from: HungryTurtle
comment by HungryTurtle · 2012-03-01T03:15:43.658Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

A new technology is useful if it is serves a specific purpose for human manipulation of territory. The more unknown the technology the more dangerous it is to human survival, and thus can no longer be seen as progressive. Furthermore the introduction of new technology reshapes the social topography of a territory. If erosion/alteration of social topography happens at too fast a rate it becomes impossible to navigate based off the experiences of others. Just as if all the currents and depths of a channel suddenly changed the built up knowledge of generations of fishers would become irrelevant.

Whether technological/scientific advancement is progress or just impact depends on these two factors

1.) The degree of unknowns involved with the technology 2.) The extent to which social topography is eroded/altered.

If we look at cell phones and other types of information-technologies they have completely reconstructed the social topography of the world, and they continue to develop at an astonishing rate. As to the degree of unknowns, cell phones have already been completely integrated into everyday life, despite their relatively short lifespan. What happens when a person lives 70 years with a cellphone in their pocket, or an i-pad? We have no idea because they have not been around long enough to have any cases. There is still a huge degree of unknowns with these new technologies, yet we are already completely dependent on them.

I am not saying that this is not progress, it is not possible to say at this point; but I will say that we are walking a fine line between true progress and unrestrained impact.

Replies from: TimS
comment by TimS · 2012-03-02T00:14:29.865Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Here is a genuine disagreement between us.

I don't think increasing our ability to control the world is an inherently good or bad thing (somewhat like how concepts like equality don't have a particular political affiliation). The Spaniards did terrible things to the natives of the New World, but the proximate cause of their behavior was their extreme aversion to Otherness (like Orientalism, but worse). Spain's technological superiority made their oppressive behavior possible, but it is insufficient to explain what happened.

To your specific point about cell phones, the data is pretty clear they are fairly safe. We have a good understanding of what radiation of various kinds can and can't do. And social topography has nothing to do with this risk.

Replies from: army1987, HungryTurtle
comment by A1987dM (army1987) · 2012-03-02T13:50:33.380Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

To your specific point about cell phones, the data is pretty clear they are fairly safe. We have a good understanding of what radiation of various kinds can and can't do. And social topography has nothing to do with this risk.

I don't think he means the biological effects of radiation, but the psychological/sociological effects of always being available for conversation. (Being unable to talk to me for one freakin' day would bother the living crap out of my mother, for example. I'm not sure that's a healthy thing.)

comment by HungryTurtle · 2012-03-02T13:29:51.768Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

I didn't thumbs down you, just saying.

I agree that our ability to control the world is not inherently good or bad. What I am saying is that the rate at which we use this ability can be beneficial or harmful. In my mind it is analogous to a person running through a forest to win a race. There is no path, but they have a pretty good idea of the general direction they want to go. The faster the run the quicker they close the distance between themselves and their objective, but at the same time, if they run too fast they risk stumbling into a pitfall, shooting off a sudden drop, tripping, building up too much momentum on a downhill run. All these things are potentially dangerous. The cellphones causing cancer was the wrong point to focus on. But it cannot be denied that cell phones in general have changed the structure of society at an alarming pace. Again, I am not saying this is inherently good or bad. It could be that our barreling through the forest brings us to our destination in the least possible time. I guess I am just a somewhat pessimistic person. I think rather than getting there faster, it would be better to minimize any chance of tragedy.

Replies from: TimS
comment by TimS · 2012-03-02T14:53:13.986Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

I agree that our ability to control the world is not inherently good or bad. What I am saying is that the rate at which we use this ability can be beneficial or harmful.

I think these two sentences are in quite a bit of tension. The speed at which we get better at controlling the world can best be judged by whether we should be trying to control the world at all.

But it cannot be denied that cell phones in general have changed the structure of society at an alarming pace.

I deny. Cell phones have changed the structure of society at a very high pace. Alarming? That's a value judgment that needs a fair amount of justification. Even assuming that it isn't possible to live "how things used to be" because of widespread expectations of cell phone usage (and I'm not sure this is true), why is this worse?

Replies from: HungryTurtle
comment by HungryTurtle · 2012-03-03T01:26:42.678Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

I don't think there is a tension. It is kind of like I do not not think coffee is inherently good or bad. It is the rate of use that defines it as good or bad to me. Drinking 10 cups of day (a very high rate of use) I find to be bad for you; whereas if you have a cup of coffee a day (a slower rate of use) it is good for you. I think the same principle is true for technology. Developing too fast without regard for the societal impact or potential dangers of what you are creating is negative in my opinion.

The speed at which we get better at controlling the world can best be judged by whether we should be trying to control the world at all.

I don't really understand this sentence could you explain it more. What I get from reading it is: "if it does not seem feasible it should be abandoned?"

Mobile phones have changed social interaction, how people think (through texting), the structure of business and economics, they have become a status symbol, do I need to keep going?

Replies from: Nornagest, TimS
comment by Nornagest · 2012-03-03T01:52:57.063Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Coffee isn't such a good analogy. That's got a certain finite set of effects on a well-known neurotransmitter system, and while not all of the secondary or more subtle effects are known we can take a pretty good stab at describing what levels are likely to be harmful given a certain set of parameters. Social change and technology don't have a well-defined set of effects at all: they're not definitive terms, they're descriptive terms encompassing any deltas in our culture or technical capabilities respectively.

Speaking of technology as if it's a thing with agency is obviously improper; I doubt we'd disagree on that point. But I'd actually go farther than that and say that speaking of technology as a well-defined force (and thus something with a direction that we can talk about precisely, or can or should be retarded or encouraged as a whole) isn't much better. It may or may not be reasonable to accept a precautionary principle with regard to particular technologies; there's a decent consensus here that we should adopt one for AGI, for example. But lumping all technology into a single category for that purpose is terribly overgeneral at best, and very likely actively destructive when you consider opportunity costs.

Replies from: HungryTurtle, HungryTurtle
comment by HungryTurtle · 2012-03-06T16:13:10.391Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

lumping all technology into a single category for that purpose is terribly over general at best, and very likely actively destructive when you consider opportunity costs.

When I talk about technology, what I am really talking about is a rate of technological innovation. Technological innovation is inevitably going to change the dynamics of a society in some way. The slower that change, the more predictable and manageable it is. If that change continues to accelerate, eventually it will reach a point where it moves beyond the limitations of existing tracking technology. At that point, it becomes purely a force. That force could result in positive impacts, but it could also result in negative ones, however, To determine or manage whether it is positive or negative is impossible for us since it moves beyond our capacity to track. Do you disagree with this idea?

Replies from: Nornagest
comment by Nornagest · 2012-03-06T20:59:21.443Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

If that change continues to accelerate, eventually it will reach a point where it moves beyond the limitations of existing tracking technology. At that point, it becomes purely a force. That force could result in positive impacts, but it could also result in negative ones

This is essentially a restatement of the accelerating change model of a technological singularity. I suspect that most of that model's weak predictions kicked in several decades ago: aside from some very coarse-grained models along the lines of Moore's Law, I don't think we've been capable of making accurate predictions about the decade-scale future since at least the 1970s and arguably well before. If we can expect technological change to continue to accelerate (a proposition dependent on the drivers of technological change, and which I consider likely but not certain), we can expect effective planning horizons in contexts dependent on tech in general to shrink proportionally. (The accelerating change model also offers some stronger predictions, but I'm skeptical of most of them for various reasons, mainly having to do with the misleading definitivism I allude to in the grandparent.)

Very well; the next obvious question is should this worry me? To which I'd answer yes, a little, but not as much as the status quo should. With the arguable exception of weapons, the first-order effects of any new technology are generally positive. It's second-order effects that worry people; in historical perspective, though, the second-order downsides of typical innovations don't appear to have outweighed their first-order benefits. (They're often more famous, but that's just availability bias.) I don't see any obvious reason why this would change under a regime of accelerating innovation; shrinking planning horizons are arguably worrisome given that they provide incentive to ignore long-term downsides, but there are ways around this. If I'm right, broad regulation aimed at slowing overall innovation rates is bound to prevent more beneficial changes than harmful; it's also game-theoretically unstable, as faster-innovating regions gain an advantage over slower-innovating ones.

And the status quo? Well, as environmentalists are fond of pointing out, industrial society is inherently unsustainable. Unfortunately, the solutions they tend to propose are unlikely to be workable in the long run for the same game-theoretic reasons I outline above. Transformative technologies usually don't have that problem.

Replies from: HungryTurtle
comment by HungryTurtle · 2012-03-07T14:33:22.711Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

This is essentially a restatement of the accelerating change model of a technological singularity.

I was not familiar with the theory of technological singularity, but from reading your link I feel that there is a big difference between it and what I am saying. Namely that it states, "Technological change follows smooth curves, typically exponential. Therefore we can predict with fair precision when new technologies will arrive..." whereas I am saying that such prediction is impossible beyond a certain point. I would agree with you that we have already pasted that point (perhaps in the 70s).

Very well; the next obvious question is should this worry me? To which I'd answer yes, a little, but not as much as the status quo should. With the arguable exception of weapons, the first-order effects of any new technology are generally positive.

This I disagree with. If you continue reading my discussion with TimS you will see that I suggest (well Jean Baudrillard suggests) a shift in technological production from purely economic and function based production, to symbolic and sign based production. There are technologies where the first-order effects are generally positive, but I would argue that there are many novel technological innovations that provides no new functional benefit. At best, they work to superimpose symbolic or semiotic value upon existing functional properties; at worst, they create dysfunctional tools that are masked with illusionary social benefits. I agree that these second order effects as you call them are slower acting, but that is not an argument to ignore them, especially since, as you say, they have been building up since the 70s.

I agree that the status quo is a problem, but I do not see it as more of a problem than the subtle amassment of second order technological problems. I think both are serious dangers to our society that need to be addressed as soon as possible. The former is an open wound, the latter is a tumor. Treating the wound is necessary, but if one does not deal with the later as early as possible it will grow beyond the point of remedy.

comment by HungryTurtle · 2012-03-03T03:25:12.361Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Really nice post. I apologize about my analogy. Truthfully I picked it not for its accuracy, but its ability to make my point. After recently reading Eliezer's essay about sneaking connotations I am afraid it is a bad habit I have. I completely agree it is a bad analogy.

As to your second point. It is a really interesting question that honestly I have never thought about. If you don't mind I would like a little more time to think about it. I agree with it is improper to speak of technology as a thing with agency, but I am not sure if I agree that speaking of technology as a well-defined force is just as bad.

comment by TimS · 2012-03-03T02:23:27.612Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

My point is that the factors that are relevant to deciding how fast to research new technology are the same factors that are relevant in deciding whether to use technology at all.


Mobile phones have changed social interaction, how people think (through texting), the structure of business and economics, they have become a status symbol, do I need to keep going?

The word I was disputing in your prior post was alarming. Cell phones have caused and are causing massive social change.

Replies from: HungryTurtle
comment by HungryTurtle · 2012-03-03T03:01:51.153Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

My point is that the factors that are relevant to deciding how fast to research new technology are the same factors that are relevant in deciding whether to use technology at all.

What do you see as the primary factors determining how fast to research new technology? Ideally technology would be driven by necessity or efficiency, but that is an idea. In my opinion the driving factor for new technologies is profit. For example, my uncle installs home entertainment systems for the rich. He tells me that he gets sent dozens of new types of wire, new routers, new systems for free that some engineer is hoping to make it big off of. The development of new mediums of audio/video, drugs, TVs, honestly I feel like in most fields there is a constant push for innovation for the sake of entrepreneurship alone, and I don't think that is relevant to the actual use of the technology.

P.S When I say technology I am using it as a extremely broad term for any tool used to manipulate the physical world.

Replies from: TimS
comment by TimS · 2012-03-03T03:19:28.370Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Ideally technology would be driven by necessity or efficiency, but that is an idea. In my opinion the driving factor for new technologies is profit.

I'm not saying you are wrong (although I don't agree with the normative implications), but what is the difference between efficiency and profit?

Replies from: HungryTurtle
comment by HungryTurtle · 2012-03-03T03:28:01.531Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Efficiency has to do with the use of the tool being created. An efficient ax is sharp and will not break easily. Profit has to do with the producer maximizing their intake and minimizing their costs.

Replies from: TimS
comment by TimS · 2012-03-03T04:03:24.145Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

A more efficient tool maximizes intake (by working faster) and minimizes cost (by being replaced less frequently). I respectfully suggest that efficiency and profitability point to the same thing in concept-space.

Replies from: HungryTurtle
comment by HungryTurtle · 2012-03-03T13:57:22.442Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

I am willing to accept the idea that the efficiency of a tool can be categorized as a type of profit. Still, there needs to be a distinction between maximizing the tool's capacity for profit and maximizing the profit from producing the tool.

Profit-1: Maximizing intake (by working faster and more precisely) and Minimizing cost (by being replaced less frequently)

Profit-2: Maximizing intake (by selling the most product) and Minimizing cost (by being made in a cheaper fashion)

Profit-1 and Profit-2 are not always mutually beneficial. From the producer's perspective the greater the tool's capacity for profit the quicker they will deplete their markets. If I make an refrigerator that has a shelf life of a century. That means I am probably only going to sell 1 refrigerator per family (possibly 2), per century. I could either have to continuously expand my markets (which is both risky and costly), or make my product with a short shelf life, or in other words, needing more frequent replacement.

Another fairly common situation is where the most profitable model of a tool already dominates a market. Let's say cereal is a tool for the sake of augmenting human nutrition. There are only so many ways to reconstruct corn. Instead of abandoning the market, the market is reconstructed to serve the needs of producers. A famous sociologist Jean Baudrillard talks about this process as the development of a symbolic mode of production as opposed to a traditional mode. In a system of symbolic exchange an object has four potential values: functional value, economic value, symbolic value, and sign value. The later two distort the former two. Functional value relates to the use of a tool and its ability to do it. Economic value relates to the need of that use in a territory which affects how desired the object is. Symbolic value and sign value relate to what objects represent in a social system. In my example of cereal, there are fruit loops and fruit hoops. Fruit hoops are basically fruit loops. But they are cheaper. They do not have a little prize, they come in a box not a bag, and they do not have Toucan Sam. You would think everyone would buy Fruit hoops since they serve exactly the same function for a much cheaper cost. However, this is not the case. People want the box, they want Toucan Sam. It is the same when you buy designer vs. knock off clothes.

My point is that in the production of new tools, the producer is not just trying to secure a functional efficiency; they are trying to create a symbolic value. Sometimes what is symbolized is the degree of functional efficiency, but often times it is not. There are hundreds of new technologies developed yearly that create new needs, new functions (many trivial) for the sake of securing symbolic value.

Baudrillard argues that the result is a symbolic mode of production is not one where demand drives supply; but where new demands are created by producers to meet their supplies.

Replies from: TimS
comment by TimS · 2012-03-03T18:07:06.463Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

There's a story that Ford learned that there was one part of the Model T that wore out much later than the rest of the car - I think it was the bumpers. That is, there were perfectly good bumpers sitting on otherwise useless Model Ts in the dump. Ford's response? He decreased the quality (and cost) of the bumper so that it wore out when the rest of the car did.

You seem to think this was wrong of Ford, because he was maximizing his wealth without passing along any benefit to society as a whole. I suggest that you will be more analytically clear if you separate the terminology about wealth-maximizing from the terminology about normatively appropriate behavior. Profit is not generally understood to mean "bad wealth maximizing" in the general community, and you do yourself no favors in persuading others by trying to smuggle in a normative connotation into a descriptive term.

Replies from: HungryTurtle
comment by HungryTurtle · 2012-03-04T21:11:59.422Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Profit is not generally understood to mean "bad wealth maximizing" in the general community, and you do yourself no favors in persuading others by trying to smuggle in a normative connotation into a descriptive term.

I don't think I am smuggling anything. I clearly tried to explain what I meant. Also, In the grander scheme of things for was wrong for wanting to maximize individual profit without thinking of group profit. Ford began making cars that were designed to breakdown faster so they could sell more. Because of this, by the turn of the century Ford was not as trusted by consumers as Japanese or European models. Now Ford is desperately trying to reestablish a basis of trust with a larger consumer demographic. Instead of profit-1 and profit-2 perhaps it would be simpler to say that there is individual profit and group profit; and that without a balance between the two the stability of both an individual and a society is threatened. I don’t see this as a personal bias, do you?

What’s more, I think your example side steps my original point. Do you not agree that individual profit is a driving force for a large portion of technological development; one that does not necessarily result in a profit of increasing efficiency? With all due respect, it seems to me that you, and perhaps this community in general, share a normative connotation that all technological development is universally beneficial, in the sense that it increases efficiency and decreases cost. I am not arguing that there is no technological development that is beneficial; but not all technological develop meets the ideal. There is
Technological development-1: That increases efficiency and decreases cost. Technological development-2: That does not increase efficiency and might increase or decrease cost. Technological development-3: That decrease efficiency and increases group cost. What evidence do you have to deny the existence of the third category of technological development?

Replies from: TimS
comment by TimS · 2012-03-05T18:11:43.316Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

I'm not sure that TD2 is a coherent category. If efficiency does not change, how can equilibrium price change?

TD3 could happen, but often won't (absent a monopolistic situation) because the entity that could cause the change wouldn't gain more from the change than society as a whole would lose. As I said, monopolist situations, such as industry coordination, might make this change more likely, but modern legal regimes frown on violations of anti-trust laws.

More generally, I don't know how to calculate "group profit" except as the sum of every person's "individual profit."

Replies from: HungryTurtle
comment by HungryTurtle · 2012-03-06T16:02:32.574Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

I'm not sure that TD2 is a coherent category. If efficiency does not change, how can equilibrium price change?

Adding a social or signified value to an existing tool can affect the demand for that tool and other tools of its type, even though there is no new functional innovation. I guess technically you could call that increasing or decreasing its marketable efficiency, but I feel that it is important to acknowledge that this can happen completely divorced from any type of functional improvement.

TD3 could happen, but often won't (absent a monopolistic situation) because the entity that could cause the change wouldn't gain more from the change than society as a whole would lose.

I find this statement to contradict the reality of markets. Take the medical industry. There are constantly dozens of new pills, prescriptions, and other types of drugs vying for FDA approval so that they may begin mass production for sale. Lots of these products turn out to be harmful to individuals in one way or another, even ones that slip through approval. I would say to your point that there are very few examples of TD3 where the damage is immediately visible, on a large scale, and publically promoted. Situations like these are often shutdown fairly fast. However, there are tons of TD3s that are not quite as visible and have more long term effects. For example, Right now there is a new energy product that is a pure caffeine spray attempting to prove that it is no more dangerous than coffee. In a flat comparison between the two they come out to be almost equivalent in terms of caffeine dosage. Because of this, the caffeine sprays will probably be approved, just like 5 hour energy drinks were. The effect on an individual is the same, but I would argue the relational effect is very different. Coffee is a slower more social stimulant. Whether it is where you buy it, where you make it, or who you drink it with, it fosters social relationships that I argue both moderate and benefit the user, curbing in some way the development of negative habits. Whereas the implementation of 5 hour energy drinks and caffeine sprays are faster and psychologically tied to paradigms of medical implementation rather than sociality. Burst sprays and quick gulps are common methods of medical implementation. Medical use, traditionally, is culturally private as opposed to social. I doubt there is any research on this at the moment, but I would imagine that because the later use faster, less social methods of implementation, they promote more negative side effects than coffee in its users (just a hypothesis).

As to monopolies, I honestly don't think monopolies have anything to do with what I am talking about. I see the system of checks and balances placed on TD3s is inherently flawed due to the degree of individualism coveted by our society. The system assesses damage much like you assess profit, individually, rather than relationally. There are many things that are individually neutral or beneficial, which are relationally harmful.

More generally, I don't know how to calculate "group profit" except as the sum of every person's "individual profit."

The problem with measuring group profit by individual profit is 1.) Defining what constitutes profit. 2.) The emergent qualities of systems.

By emergent qualities, what I mean is that often times the sum worth of the system cannot be defined by the parts. For example, human bodies can be segregated into individual organs, but to calculate the overall benefit of the body by net benefit to each organ is not realistic; just as if you were to further segregate the body into cells, it would be unrealistic to calculate the health of the body by the health of every individual cell. Some parts of the body, some cells, are designed to b degenerate quicker, some are designed to be more expendable. It is idealistic to remove the possibility that a species, let alone a primarily social species such as humans, would not function in a similar manner. In my opinion, the historical atrocities of the 20th century have left western academics so disgusted with the perversions of hierarchy that the overwhelming desire to avoid past mistakes causes most of the system to shun this idea through connotations alone. In truth I am afraid by even voicing this idea I have severely stigmatized myself in this community. I hope that is not the case.

If you were to ask me how to generate group profit, I would suggest that what is needed is

1.) An algorithm that measures homeostasis between social harmony and dissonance. 2.) A Bayesian approach to determining a desired ratio between social dissonance and harmony.

P.S sorry for being so longwinded, couldn’t figure out a shorter way to say all that.

Replies from: TimS
comment by TimS · 2012-03-06T17:16:16.965Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Your organ analogy is very illuminating. I agree that net benefits to particular organs is a funky way of trying to assess the benefit to the body as a whole (although it is probably possible). But note how you analogize individual people to organs of the body. Organs need other organs in a way that might not be true of human beings.

More generally, treating that kind of interdependence as inherent to human experience is almost totally inconsistent with micro-economic concepts like Adam Smith's invisible hand. Concepts like profit and efficiency are heavily embedded in the individualistic model. In short, I think you should avoid using them to try to explain non-individualistic concepts. I would have understood your point much more easily if you had come out and said, "I don't believe individualistic rational-actor analysis (aka economics) is maximizing what should be maximized."

As an aside, I would be careful using the word "emergent" in this community. There is a historical usage of that word that was highly confused and misleading, and one of the foundation sequences attacks that precise type of confused thinking. In brief, saying "Human life arises out of the interactions of the organs via emergence" is no better than saying "Human life arises out of the interactions of the organs via magic". I don't think you are making that mistake when you use emergence, but the word is a trigger in this community. More on this general idea here, with some follow-up here. The whole first sequence is very interesting, if you have the time to invest.

Replies from: HungryTurtle
comment by HungryTurtle · 2012-03-06T17:53:57.009Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Organs need other organs in a way that might not be true of human beings. Peter L. Berger is a fairly famous sociologist who suggests that the human body is an organ within an organism constituted by a social network, a specific environment, and a specific culture. He argues: language acquisition is fundamental to being "human"; the initial development of a language comes from interaction with a specific environment, its further growth is dependent on a network of other actors; thus since language is dependent on networked bodies, places, things, and ideas he argues that the human organism is defined by this network rather than simply by the individual body.

I don't believe in the individualistic rational-actor period. I agree that traditional economics is heavily embedded in the individualistic model, but there are plenty of branches of economics as field that reject this assumption.

As an aside, I would be careful using the word "emergent" in this community. There is a historical usage of that word that was highly confused and misleading, and one of the foundation sequences attacks that precise type of confused thinking.

Thanks for telling me. I must admit I have recently been a fan of emergentism as a theory within academics, but the critique you provide of it is interesting. I will be sure to read those articles.

comment by A1987dM (army1987) · 2012-02-24T18:07:37.537Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

For example, the social rules about men using women's restrooms (and vice versa) are gendered, not sex constructed.

Huh? I remember an Italian female senator making a big fuss when a male-to-female transsexual senator (who hadn't undergone SRS yet at that time, IIRC) used the women's toilet in the senate.

Replies from: TimS
comment by TimS · 2012-02-24T21:47:12.481Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Lots of gendered rules differentiate based on sex. Once upon a time, there was the rule "No women lawyers." I think it's pretty clear that there is no physical basis for this rule.

Or consider the Old Testament rules on cleanliness and menstruation. Cleanliness didn't mean anything in relation to decreased frequency of disease - it was a requirement of social isolation of women from men at certain times of the month. Although menstruation is a physical thing, I would assert that these rules were gender constructs, not sex constructs.

Likewise, I assert that the rules about which gender can use which bathroom are gender constructs that use sex to differentiate. If the male and female genders were constructed differently, the Italian senator you mentioned wouldn't have felt justified in making the complaint she made.

comment by MixedNuts · 2012-02-10T15:52:30.661Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Sorry, but why are you telling us all this? Yeah, feminism is pretty interesting (at least it interests me) but why are you giving a lecture on it? It would seem that most people interested in a spontaneous intro to feminism have already received it, and are currently picking nits with the five-sex model of intersexed people or post-third-wave developments.

(...plus, c'm'on, second-wavers totally sucked at telling gender from sex. Just ask Bindel or Daly about trans women.)

Replies from: NancyLebovitz, HungryTurtle
comment by NancyLebovitz · 2012-02-13T07:42:07.231Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

That may have been familiar to you, but some of it was new to me.

comment by HungryTurtle · 2012-02-10T16:05:54.720Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

I apologize if I offended you. You stated something you believed to be true that I knew to not be true. I thought you would want to know that you were wrong since I assumed the goals of this cite is to become "less wrong." I did not mean to lecture; I just thought a more detailed explanation was what you wanted rather than just a jargon packed sentence or two. Jargon is used because it condenses a huge amount of ideas and intellectual data into a few words. I did not realize that it would be offensive to explain it in this way. Honestly I thought I was responding to you not the general body, and I was really excited to share this idea with you because I find it fascinating. Like you said I am new, I will try to adjust quickly to the norms here.

Replies from: MixedNuts
comment by MixedNuts · 2012-02-10T16:24:23.602Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

You stated something you believed to be true that I knew to not be true.

Nah, we agree on the facts. You just posted a reminder that the thing I said had happened wasn't happening anymore. Maybe you mean TimS, not me? That's still not really wrong - Tim said "sex is the biological bits, gender is the construct around the social bits" and you said "sex is more like the construct around the biological bits".

Correcting people is still a good idea in general.

Replies from: HungryTurtle
comment by HungryTurtle · 2012-02-10T17:10:10.877Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Ah sorry I did mix you two up.

you said "sex is more like the construct around the biological bits".

Correct, except the construct is not only built around the biological bits, the construct transforms the biological bits. We actively weed out sexes that are not male or female, and in doing this over time we breed humans to meet our desired dichotomy.

Replies from: MixedNuts
comment by MixedNuts · 2012-02-11T12:56:57.209Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

the construct transforms the biological bits

Yep, sorta like gender roles affect gender, so if you wear dresses you can't be a Real Man, etc.

We actively weed out sexes that are not male or female, and in doing this over time we breed humans to meet our desired dichotomy.

The second part doesn't follow from the first. We give intersex babies unnecessary surgeries, but these surgeries try not to cause sterility (correct me if I'm wrong), we don't discourage fertile intersex people comfortable in the gender they were raised as from having children, we don't selectively destroy gametes and embryos likely to result in intersex children, and we certainly don't chide binary-sexed people from having children likely to be intersex. (We do sterilise trans people, though.)

Replies from: HungryTurtle, Vaniver
comment by HungryTurtle · 2012-02-13T22:11:44.624Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

No you are correct. My response would be that an inefficient cleansing is still a cleansing. At this time we do not stop intersex people from procreating. We do highly stigmatize in society and we do traumatize them by denying their existence as natural and forcing/pressuring them to undergo extreme operations. Isn't this a more PC way of intentionally limiting their reproduction?

Imagine if you were playing a game where you had to obtain 100 signatures to win and before that game I told everyone else in the room that you were a child molester, and if they gave you their signature that meant they wanted a child molester to win. It would make it significantly harder for you to win right? This situation is analogous for the intersex person's situation in a society that views anything existing outside the traditional dichotomy as unnatural. They are stigmatized. It becomes significantly harder to find a job, mate, to feel self-worth, build confidence, trust, all the things humans need to successfully establish themselves and their genes in society. Sure, there is a lower tier of society bracketed off for them. They can work in the carnivals, whorehouse, etc, but they are in some sense blocked from "normal" society.

It would be interesting to look at suicide and marriage rates among hermaphrodites in Europe and America. Which would you guess is higher?

comment by Vaniver · 2012-02-11T15:55:52.285Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Aren't most intersex individuals infertile to begin with? It also seems valuable to point out that the sterilization of trans people is generally at their request.

My experience with intersex individuals is limited to one, but he deeply wishes he had had the 'unnecessary surgery' when he was young instead of after years and years of infections.

Replies from: MixedNuts
comment by MixedNuts · 2012-02-11T16:13:44.411Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Aren't most intersex individuals infertile to begin with?

Lots are, lots aren't, I have no idea where to get reliable stats.

the sterilization of trans people is generally at their request

Much of the time, but "you must be permanently sterile to change your legal sex" is a completely unnecessary law. I've known someone who isn't getting a vaginoplasty just in case uterus grafts become possible in her lifetime and the op would compromise that. Trans men don't usually get bottom surgery, so sterility is impermanent (just get off T when you want kids); many do get hysterectomies, but only get their ovaries removed because of legal requirement. And there's no reason not to freeze gametes.

he deeply wishes he had had the 'unnecessary surgery' when he was young instead of after years and years of infections

Well yeah, that's one reason we shouldn't give kids surgeries just to make their junk look normal - so that we can actually believe doctors when they say it would improve their health.

comment by MC_Escherichia · 2012-02-11T16:08:06.746Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

intentional out breeding [elimination] of more sexes

A comparative analysis of Mammalia shows this to be extremely doubtful, unless you think that only humans have these extra sexes. In all mammals the vast bulk of individuals can be cleanly assigned to male or female without ambiguity, and no such intentional elimination was required. [Note "outbreeding" means something else.]

You have to look at quite distantly related species before hermaphrodites show up at interesting frequencies. Certainly some fish can be hermaphrodite.

Replies from: HungryTurtle
comment by HungryTurtle · 2012-02-13T22:01:34.560Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

I don't think only humans have these extra sexes. Could you direct me to the comparative analysis of Mammalian reproductive systems that discusses hermaphrodites in other species? I am sure most gonochronistic animals have cases of hermaphrodites or other genetic mutations.

You are right, outbreeding is not what I meant. That is why I split the word up, hoping to convey my point. Intentional elimination is a good way to say it. If Hermaphrodites were not so stigmatized they would not be abandoned/killed/maimed as children; if they were not on average abandoned/killed/maimed as children then there would be a decent size population of hermaphrodites able to develop a stable social station; if there were a stable hermaphrodite community their genes would spread; if there genes spread their would be more hermaphrodites. I think the intentional elimination of hermaphrodites has made a huge impact on the demographic of humanity, do you disagree?

Also I don't think you can use the fact other gonochronistic mammals have not developed more sexes as a reason why humans would not.

Replies from: MC_Escherichia, Vaniver
comment by MC_Escherichia · 2012-02-13T23:35:35.602Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Could you direct me to the comparative analysis of Mammalian reproductive systems that discusses hermaphrodites in other species?

What I meant was that we can think about other mammals ourselves, and note that no other mammal species has hermaphrodites at significant frequencies. I had no specific research in mind.

there would be a decent size population of hermaphrodites able to develop a stable social station; if there were a stable hermaphrodite community their genes would spread

This depends both on a genetic cause, and also on hermaphrodites having equal fitness to males and females.

I think the intentional elimination of hermaphrodites has made a huge impact on the demographic of humanity, do you disagree?

Yes, I disagree, for the reasons I've stated. Other mammals have had no "intentional elimination", yet hermaphrodites remain at very low levels. So "intentional elimination" isn't the reason for the very low levels.

Also I don't think you can use the fact other gonochronistic mammals have not developed more sexes as a reason why humans would not.

Of course I can; humans aren't particularly special, at least not in relevant ways.

Replies from: HungryTurtle
comment by HungryTurtle · 2012-02-14T05:15:53.392Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Of course I can; humans aren't particularly special, at least not in relevant ways.

Humans are incredibly special. Humans are the only single species mammal. In that sense given the diversity of human ethnicities, humans are the most specialized-unspecialized species in the world (specialized in the sense that the species allows for the vast degrees of ethnic traits to be completely compatible with any human; unspecialized in the sense that we remain neutral enough to adapt to almost any environment and have not biologically chained ourselves to a particular habitat). Humans are the only species that we know of that creates a shared reality of perception (meaning that if I point at something, you know not to look at my finger but look for what I am pointing too; we are able to see our goals, victories, and aspirations as shared with a larger social entity). Humans are the only creature with a cultural paradox (A cultural paradox is where what is prescribed by their tribe often times is detrimental to their survival, but to go against the tribe is equally if not more detrimental.).

Biological classification is useful for organizational purposes, but the categories created are often times severely lacking. In this case, I think humans are so different from most other mammals that it is not useful to use them as an insight into human nature/ the development of the human species.

Replies from: MC_Escherichia, arundelo
comment by MC_Escherichia · 2012-02-14T11:28:14.975Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

None of the things you mention are likely to affect the sex determination system.

the only single species mammal.

The only what?

Replies from: HungryTurtle
comment by HungryTurtle · 2012-02-14T12:27:41.396Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Well I guess this is another flaw of classification. Species is defined as "Species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups" (Futuyma, 1998). The reproductive isolation can be genetic, or it can be simply geographical or habitual. There is no criteria that says two distinct species cannot interbreed, even though some species can and others cannot. For example dogs, wolves, and coyotes can all interbreed, but within the Felidae genus there are cat species that cannot interbreed.

What I was saying is that humans are the only living member of the Homo family. Homo sapiens exist as a single species because to some degree their is no limitation on our interbreeding. Sure there are many cultural norms and customs that have discouraged inter-racial, inter-class, inter-ethinicity breeding, but it has not stopped these things. I would argue (along with some evolutionary biologists) that the fact that homo sapiens exist in one giant gene pool is pretty unique among animals given the wide amount of territory that we populate.

Replies from: MC_Escherichia
comment by MC_Escherichia · 2012-02-14T12:36:50.741Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

What I was saying is that humans are the only living member of the Homo family

So was the claim "Humans are the only single species mammal" simply a claim that humans are the only mammal with their own genus? That's certainly not true, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Monotypic_mammal_genera

The reproductive isolation can be genetic, or it can be simply geographical or habitual.

This is probably not relevant to our point, but Futuyma (2005) Evolution p356 defines reproductive isolation as "reduction or prevention of gene flow between populations by genetically determined differences between them" - i.e. it's not enough that they are geographically separated.

homo sapiens exist in one giant gene pool

This just seems to be a claim that the population size of our species is quite large. There are other species of mammal with large populations. Again, the relevance of any of this to sex-determination is rather doubtful.

Replies from: Richard_Kennaway
comment by Richard_Kennaway · 2012-02-14T13:35:38.162Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

It should be pointed out here that biological genuses, families, orders, and so on do not exist. If you discover a new continent full of organisms not previously known, there is no observation you can make to decide whether two of their species are, or are not, members of the same genus. It would be a wrong question. Every classification above the species level exists solely for the convenience of biologists talking about the organisms they are studying. Even at the species level, where we can talk about interbreeding populations, multiple definitions are possible and edge cases exist (sometimes so large as to make the very idea of a tree of descent moot).

The higher-level classifications may (but do not always) correspond to subtrees of the evolutionary history, but their ranking into genuses, orders, subfamilies, and so on in the 40-odd different levels available in current taxonomical practice is a product of human convenience, nothing more.

So the statement that some genus includes only one species is not a statement of biology. It is a statement about biologists.

Replies from: MC_Escherichia, Morendil
comment by MC_Escherichia · 2012-02-14T15:32:09.080Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

It should be pointed out here that biological genuses, families, orders, and so on do not exist.

Yes, this is true of course.

comment by Morendil · 2012-02-14T15:52:04.848Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

And whoever mentions cladistics first wins the thread. Ready, set...

comment by arundelo · 2012-02-14T06:27:38.799Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Your comment inspired me to post this quote (although I still think calling humans mammals and primates is useful).

Replies from: HungryTurtle
comment by HungryTurtle · 2012-02-14T12:10:37.389Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

I agree that it is pretty useful, but I still like your quote.

comment by Vaniver · 2012-02-13T23:35:09.800Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

It's not clear to me why you're presuming social effects are the primary selection pressure pushing against hermaphroditism. I don't know the genetics / biology / embryology involved, but my prior is that deviation from normalcy decreases the chances of fertility for that individual, and possibly more importantly, their children.

Replies from: HungryTurtle
comment by HungryTurtle · 2012-02-14T04:58:12.572Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

[Although I am not proud of this, reflecting on your question "why you're presuming social effects are the primary selection pressure," the conclusion I came to was] Because it is the political position I was indoctrinated into. in undergrad anthropology we covered feminism and the idea of sex as a social construct is pretty much the big idea of third wave feminism. It was such a unique and interesting idea that I accepted it into my own ideology pretty readily. However honestly, the counter-arguement that there there are other genetic factors that are more primary is potentially acceptable.

As to your prior

that deviation from normalcy decreases the chances of fertility for that individual, and possibly more importantly, their children.

I would respond that what is normal depends on the in-group of the individual/community defining normalcy. Since people to some degree define their in-group based on the people, symbols, media, and cultures they interact with, I would argue that the process of labeling what is normal is a social construction.

Replies from: Richard_Kennaway, nshepperd, Vaniver
comment by Richard_Kennaway · 2012-02-14T09:06:42.762Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

It's not clear to me why you're presuming social effects are the primary selection pressure pushing against hermaphroditism.

Because it is the political position I was indoctrinated into.

That's a rather startling thing to say, at least on LessWrong.

Quiet honestly it was such a unique and interesting idea that I accepted it into my own ideology pretty readily.

As is this.

However honestly, the counter-arguement that there there are other genetic factors that are more primary is potentially acceptable.

Leaving aside the particular questions of sex, gender, and normalcy, what do you, and those who have influenced you, judge to be "acceptable" forms of argument? What should, or should not, give you a reason to believe something?

Replies from: HungryTurtle
comment by HungryTurtle · 2012-02-14T13:27:30.058Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

That's a rather startling thing to say, at least on LessWrong.

Is it startling to be honest? Perhaps I was not careful enough with my wording, or my tone did not come across correctly, but the statement "Quite honestly it was such a unique and interesting idea that I accepted it into my own ideology pretty readily" was confessional. I said "potentially acceptable" because I feel that the speculation here is not grounded in expertise, and I don't want to repeat the mistakes of my youth and be just as easily indoctrinated by your flashy idea as the previous one. I really am not too familiar with this community, but personally, I try to be as critical and reflective as possible of the discourse that encompasses my beliefs. It is somewhat embarrassing that I never thought to question the biological fitness of hermaphrodites in general, but the truth is I didn't. It would be nice to chalk that up to youthful naiveté at the time of indoctrination, but it just as easily could have been a blind spot in my reflections.

Replies from: Richard_Kennaway
comment by Richard_Kennaway · 2012-02-15T10:23:50.720Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Sorry, I had read it as being your current justification for the belief.

Replies from: HungryTurtle
comment by HungryTurtle · 2012-02-15T19:14:37.659Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

No problem, any fault is probably more due to my writing than your thinking.

comment by nshepperd · 2012-02-14T10:21:10.675Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

That definition of "normal" is irrelevant to the biological effects of mutation on fertility.

Here: If the human reproductive system has evolved over millions of years in a condition where the vast majority of the population are one of either two sexes, with particular chromosomes even being present in only one of the sexes, then a mutant that somehow ends up with both sexual organs is almost certainly going to having all sorts of problems fertility-wise. That kind of mutation breaks the assumptions the reproductive systems have evolved under (assumptions such as amounts of testosterone/oestrogen/whatever other hormones in the blood, the physical arrangement of the sex organs, and probably all kinds of other stuff).

comment by Vaniver · 2012-02-14T14:34:48.419Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Upvoted for honesty and chasing down assumptions.

nshepperd explains well what I meant by "normalcy."

comment by thomblake · 2012-02-10T15:32:56.090Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Well, biologically the human species is capable of producing 5 sexes

That distinction gravely understates the amount of physical variation in humans.

Replies from: HungryTurtle
comment by HungryTurtle · 2012-02-10T15:53:58.888Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Sex does not refer blanketly to physical varation, sex refers to varying reproductive functions. If 5 greatly underestimates the number of unique reproductive systems in the human species, please tell me some of the ones I am missing.

Replies from: thomblake
comment by thomblake · 2012-02-10T16:16:39.535Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Sex does not refer blanketly to physical varation, sex refers to varying reproductive functions.

You only listed 3 different sorts of reproductive functions. Two others were only distinguished by non-functional genitalia.

If you were looking for different variation in the sorts of things that are normally clustered with "sex", then there are a lot more expressions. There are for instance ambiguous genitalia, unusual chromosonal sex, Aphallia, and especially human protandry.

Saying "there are exactly 5 sexes" is roughly as bad as saying "there are exactly 2 sexes" - there is great potential for variation on multiple factors. It's not even a spectrum, it's a space.

Replies from: HungryTurtle
comment by HungryTurtle · 2012-02-10T16:40:05.655Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Sorry if I was too ambiguous with my language. I highlighted the non-functioning genitalia because it is how I remember the distinction; but both ferms and merms have genital structures unique from hermaphrodites in that they are synthesized with quasi male/female structures. The processes of sex, birth, waste defecation, urination, ejaculation and menstruation are all somewhat different.

If you were looking for different variation in the sorts of things that are normally clustered with "sex", then there are a lot more expressions. There are for instance ambiguous genitalia, unusual chromosonal sex, Aphallia, and especially human protandry.

You are right, I am not an expert on all this stuff and I should not have said “five” in such a definitive way. In general, I have developed the bad habit of writing with too much authority. I apologize for that it is a byproduct of my time debating. I shouldn’t have said “five” in such a definitive way. That said, the point I was trying to make is that the concept of sex is socially constructed, which what you are arguing does not change right?

Replies from: thomblake
comment by thomblake · 2012-02-10T16:48:56.935Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

That said, the point I was trying to make is that the concept of sex is socially constructed, which what you are arguing does not change right?

I was not particularly concerned about that.

But if you want my opinion, no - "2 sexes" isn't "socially constructed", it's just a "false proposition". We know better, some people haven't gotten the memo, ::shrug::.

Or to flip that over, we can look at it empirically rather than logically: "male" and "female" seem to be useful clusters. If we're going to go all clustery on it I'm not sure there's a better number for k than 2. It's one of the better one-bit predictors for questions like "Is this person going to show up to the wedding in a dress?".

Replies from: HungryTurtle, TimS
comment by HungryTurtle · 2012-02-10T17:27:42.035Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

But the human position goes beyond simply labeling, it is breeding. For thousands of years we have killed/maimed infants who do not fit the dichotomy manipulating the gene pool towards a social agenda. In the same way we breed race horses and pea plants. I agree that there are biological limitations on the extent of malleability, but I think to say that it is simply a "false proposition" is an understatement. It is condoned eugenics in a very hitler-esque way.

Replies from: TimS
comment by TimS · 2012-02-10T17:31:02.506Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Calling that process "breeding" is quite strange. There aren't many genetic facts that survive consistent selection against them over thousands of years.

Replies from: HungryTurtle
comment by HungryTurtle · 2012-02-10T18:56:30.295Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Foucault would call it biopwer if you like that term better, but it is essentially breeding. The reason it is not as effective as a geneticist in their greenhouse is the scale. Even if a government has a policy of "fixing" hermaphrodites, the reality of actualizing that over a territory the size of a kingdom/country is almost impossible.

Is that a sufficient explanation why they haven't been completely wiped out? Check my facts on this, but I think about 1:3000 people is born not male or female.

Replies from: gwern, thomblake
comment by gwern · 2012-02-10T19:15:54.259Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

...or it could just be that extremely complex systems like gender unavoidably go haywire during fetal development or a mutation hits, and this results in a normal background rate of around 1:3000?

Replies from: MC_Escherichia
comment by MC_Escherichia · 2012-02-11T16:53:15.577Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Yes, that seems reasonable. There are four biologically possible scenarios I can think of to explain the numbers:

  1. It's developmental noise.
  2. Mutations that cause hermaphroditism arise at a certain rate and are eliminated by natural (or artificial) selection at a certain rate; this is mutation-selection balance.
  3. Multiple genes at different loci are required to produce a hermaphrodite (this is epistasis); natural selection doesn't act against these genes since it is rare for them to be found in the same invididual, and they may produce some benefit when apart.
  4. Hermaphrodites have reasonable fitness and are held at an equilibrium frequency in the population.

Four seems far and away the least likely; I'd be suspicious of an equilibrium that's so low, not only in our species but all our mammalian relatives. Perhaps there are answers in the literature; I don't have the time.

comment by thomblake · 2012-02-12T17:15:45.224Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Check my facts on this, but I think about 1:3000 people is born not male or female.

The upper bound I'm familiar with is about 1:100 naturally intersexed, though it might be working with a looser definition.

Replies from: HungryTurtle
comment by HungryTurtle · 2012-02-13T01:47:04.308Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

No, I have a horrible memory for numbers. You probably are right.

comment by TimS · 2012-02-10T17:28:33.033Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

We know better, some people haven't gotten the memo.

Somewhere in that sentence is some amount of social construction. That is, people haven't "gotten the memo" because they don't want to get the memo.

comment by TimS · 2012-01-13T17:23:46.227Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

I think some famous feminist recommended unspecified disappearing of 90% of males to make the world a better place, but right now I can't find the quote.

Either my model is wrong or this story is false. Specifically, I doubt an famous feminist's considered opinion was that the world would be better if a substantial number of people "unspecified disappeared." Cocktail party quips do not count.

Replies from: MixedNuts, None, MugaSofer, Nornagest
comment by MixedNuts · 2012-01-13T17:55:14.378Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Read the reference Ozy gave.

WIE: Sally Miller Gearhart, in her article "The Future—If There Is One—Is Female" writes: "[...] The proportion of men must be reduced to and maintained at approximately ten percent of the human race." What do you think about this statement?

MD: I think it's not a bad idea at all. If life is to survive on this planet, there must be a decontamination of the Earth. I think this will be accompanied by an evolutionary process that will result in a drastic reduction of the population of males. People are afraid to say that kind of stuff anymore.

Admittedly, this can be interpreted as sex selection of gametes and embryos, not disappearance of currently living people.

Your model of feminism is probably wrong. Feminists are varied and complicated. Some parts of feminism are completely rotten and people in them claim that all porn is rape, that rape of men doesn't matter, that no woman enjoys blowjobs. In particular, Mary Daly said some awful things about trans people, and refused male students in her classes.

Replies from: TimS, MugaSofer, None, Bugmaster
comment by TimS · 2012-01-13T18:31:56.510Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Wowzers! Daly is so essentialist (i.e. thinks women all inherently have certain mental characteristics). I'm not surprised that someone held her positions so much as I am surprised that she's considered an (recent) influential feminist. I thought that all (contemporary?) feminism was just applied post-modernist (i.e. noticing that gender roles are historically contingent). But that's clearly inconsistent with Daly. Model updated.


That said, I suspect I'm a lot more sympathetic to many of the arguments than you are. I don't think I need to reject Andrea Dworkin in order to reject the essentialism of Daly. That said, I hope that Dworkin hasn't said that the gender of the rape victim matters, because it shouldn't matter. (She essentially agrees with your other examples, I think).

Replies from: Oligopsony, thomblake, army1987
comment by Oligopsony · 2012-12-15T12:07:20.882Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

I thought that all (contemporary?) feminism was just applied post-modernist (i.e. noticing that gender roles are historically contingent).

(Academic) feminist theory has gotten much more postmodern (perhaps more specifically poststructural) over the past three decades, but constructionism isn't the major axis of differentiation. When difference feminists were important they tended to be a bit more post-y than the dominance theorist, who were very often as modernist as the day is long.

Replies from: TimS
comment by TimS · 2012-12-15T19:41:26.214Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Thanks. My recent experience is that my philosophical reach often exceeds my philosophy terminology grasp. I know what I think - and people have told me that it's a "deconstructivist" position.

But I definitely don't know the ins and outs of particular schools of thought - I had a discussion recently with a third-wave feminist who argued that rejecting intersectionality was an essential element of being second wave feminist. I don't doubt that many second-wavers implicitly (or explicitly) rejected intersectionality - and I think intersectionality is an important structure in the correct theoretical framework. But I'm not familiar enough with the schools of thought to know whether second-wave is inherently inconsistent with intersectionality.

In short, are there accessible references that lay out the central positions of the various schools of thought - at a more nuanced and detailed level than wikipedia? The Standford Encyclopedia of Philosophy is at the right level, but doesn't seem to be directed at the topics I'm referring to here.

Replies from: Oligopsony
comment by Oligopsony · 2012-12-15T20:03:06.900Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

As with most things, my experience is that specialist encyclopedias are your best bet for knowledge per effort. There's nothing as high-quality and legally accessible as the SEP, but the standard other places should have you covered. Depending on the level of detail you're looking for, Cambridge Companions, Oxford Handbooks, and Very Short Guides tend to be pretty accurate and accessible.

(As for intersectionality I have yet to see a definition which isn't either trivial or theoretically problematic. Which isn't to say that realizing and incorporating the trivial form is itself trivial, but I don't think either version would really hold up as a necessary or sufficient condition for differentiating waves. Waves are noticed based on broad shifts in theory and are thus necessarily fuzzy. But this is just IMO.)

comment by thomblake · 2012-01-13T18:47:35.978Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

That said, I hope that Dworkin hasn't said that the gender of the rape victim matters.

I can't find a cite but I'm sure someone in that school of thought has made that claim explicitly ("Men can't be raped").

That said, Dworkin and others have indicated that all penetrative sex is rape, specifically of the sort that a male perpetrates upon a female, so that would suggest that it could not happen the other way 'round.

Replies from: MixedNuts, TimS, TheOtherDave
comment by MixedNuts · 2012-01-13T19:18:01.408Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Meghan Murphy has written a blog post entitled "Can women rape men? I'm not sure I care.", though she later retracted it.

I don't think anyone has explicitly said "penetrative sex is rape"; they do use phrases like "inherently degrading and violent", but I've only ever heard opponents rephrase it as such.

Replies from: thomblake, MugaSofer
comment by thomblake · 2012-01-13T19:52:48.554Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Yes, I think the furthest Dworkin has gone is saying that a) penetrative sex is inherently violent, b) sex that is not initiated by "the woman" is never consensual, and c) men's pleasure is necessarily linked to victimizing, hurting, and exploiting.

Replies from: Bugmaster, MugaSofer
comment by Bugmaster · 2012-01-14T01:44:54.456Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

sex that is not initiated by "the woman" is never consensual

Is this a generally accepted notion in feminism, or does it represent a fringe view ? The reason I ask is because this sounds exactly like something a Straw Feminist might say...

Replies from: Viliam_Bur, thomblake
comment by Viliam_Bur · 2012-01-14T17:09:37.663Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

What algorithm do you use to tell the difference between a feminist and a straw feminist? According to this algorithm, are Mary Daly and Andrea Dworkin straw feminists?

It seems to me that any feminist suddenly becomes a straw feminist when an offensive or clearly irrational quote made by them is presented in a discussion about feminism.

Replies from: MixedNuts, wedrifid, Oligopsony, Bugmaster
comment by MixedNuts · 2012-01-14T17:21:18.995Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

I think a straw feminist is meant to be a character (a fictional character, or a persona played by a troll, or an imaginary opponent), not a person sincerely expressing their position. So Daly and Dworkin weren't (or kept up the charade for quite a long time). Straw feminists say stupid and offensive things to make actual feminists look bad. Bugmaster meant that the quote sounds more like something someone would attribute to a feminist in order to make feminism look bad, than like something a feminist would say.

But there are in fact fringe feminists who are indistinguishable from their parodies.

comment by wedrifid · 2012-01-14T19:34:17.415Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

What algorithm do you use to tell the difference between a feminist and a straw feminist?

I don't have a complete algorithm handy but I know that the first line includes the query "Does this person exist?"

It seems to me that any feminist suddenly becomes a straw feminist when an offensive or clearly irrational quote made by them is presented in a discussion about feminism.

It would be (arguably) legitimate to make that redesignation if the character is a fictional feminist. Then determining whether it is a 'straw feminist character' or 'feminist character' would entail an evaluation of to what extent the beliefs or behaviors reflect that which is within the realms of 'feminist', also taking into account inferences about the author's motives in creating the character. (Then you just shut up and say it is 'straw' if that makes your side of the debate look better.)

comment by Oligopsony · 2012-12-15T11:56:02.880Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Could you provide evidence that Daly or Dworkin did assert such a thing? I've read quite a bit of Dworkin, nothing suggesting anything of the sort; I've read less Daly, and while I found all of it pretty silly I would be surprised if that was among them.

The "all sex is rape" claim is most often attributed to Dworkin or MacKinnon, which makes me strongly suspect that while surely someone somewhere has believed it, prominent radical theorists were not among them.

Replies from: Viliam_Bur
comment by Viliam_Bur · 2012-12-16T12:26:41.746Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

In another comment in this thread there is a link to Daly saying, in an interview:

If life is to survive on this planet, there must be a decontamination of the Earth. I think this will be accompanied by an evolutionary process that will result in a drastic reduction of the population of males. People are afraid to say that kind of stuff anymore.

A short look at wikiquotes of Dworkin gives this:

Under patriarchy, every woman's son is her potential betrayer and also the inevitable rapist or exploiter of another woman.

So assuming these are the best quotes to be found (I did not try too hard), it would be more precise and fair to say that Daly enjoyed the thought that 90% of men would be "decontaminated" by "an evolutionary process"; and Dworkin said that every man (under patriarchy, which means anything) is a "rapist or exploiter".

None of this really makes any of them a sick person, does it?

I mean, if I said that "if life is to survive on this planet, there must be a decontamination of the Earth; a natural process resulting in drastic reduction of the females" and "under feminism, every women is a rapist or exploiter of another man", those would also be perfectly OK, politically correct, inoffensive, and uncontroversial statements, ready to get me to the textbooks as a defender of equality and everything good. (Just joking, those are not my opinions.)

Replies from: Oligopsony, MugaSofer, TimS
comment by Oligopsony · 2012-12-16T14:13:20.007Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Well, you won't find me defending Daly; everything I've read of her suggests she's a nut. As you yourself note the passage doesn't directly imply the sex=rape thesis, and there's always context etc. (Dworkin for instance has some quotes describing sex as conceived by what she considers patriarchal ideology that have been taken out of context) but it also doesn't seem like a perverse interpretation.

I mean, if I said that "if life is to survive on this planet, there must be a decontamination of the Earth; a natural process resulting in drastic reduction of the females" and "under feminism, every women is a rapist or exploiter of another man", those would also be perfectly OK, politically correct, inoffensive, and uncontroversial statements, ready to get me to the textbooks as a defender of equality and everything good. (Just joking, those are not my opinions.)

Ah, but surely as rationalists we must not let emotions cloud our judgments or subject truth to the inquisitorial glare of political correctness, if men universally evolved to be scum may we should want to believe that they did, human biodiversity between untermenschen and überfräuen ought be celebrated, &c.

Replies from: Viliam_Bur
comment by Viliam_Bur · 2012-12-16T15:18:59.198Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

I don't have a problem to believe things like "most mass murderers are male", etc. (I just hope people around me are good enough at math to recognize that the statement is not equivalent to "most males are mass murderers".) Just give me evidence from a reliable source.

Show me a sustainable utopia with 10% males (I would actually encourage feminists sympathetic to this idea to try it, but only with volunteers), give me reliable reports from independent sources, and I might be convinced. Until then, it is just a hypothesis in the idea-space, and I find other explanations more likely.

Replies from: Oligopsony
comment by Oligopsony · 2012-12-16T16:06:24.995Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

My last paragraph was, like yours, just joking and not my actual opinions. I'm a pretty strong constructionist on gender and also a dude, if that means anything.

comment by MugaSofer · 2012-12-16T13:18:55.882Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

I'm having trouble telling which parts of this are ironic. I'm sure some of this must be ... I just can't tell what.

Replies from: Viliam_Bur
comment by Viliam_Bur · 2012-12-16T14:46:55.467Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Non-ironic: Daly and Dworkin said some repulsive things, and a non-mindkilled person would recognize some problems with their ideas. (Here are the quotes, and I did not even try too hard to find them.)

Ironic: If I said the same things publicly, only with genders reversed, the people who consider Daly and Dworkin sane, would consider me sane too. (Not likely.)

Replies from: MugaSofer
comment by MugaSofer · 2012-12-17T17:43:29.871Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Thanks for clarifying. It's sometimes hard to tell in a text environment.

comment by TimS · 2012-12-16T19:07:40.531Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

In the absence of a closer association between Daly and Dworkin, conflating their positions is like conflating Stephen J. Gould and Steven Pinker because they both claim to apply the theory of evolution.

As I and Oligopsony have said, Daly can go piss off. Dworkin's quote is just articulating her definition of patriarchy. If you think we aren't living in that society, her definition is not particularly interesting. But it isn't like there's no evidence that she's somewhat accurately describing our current society.

comment by Bugmaster · 2012-01-14T23:21:44.028Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

MixedNuts and wedrifid said it better than I could.

comment by thomblake · 2012-01-14T17:32:55.569Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

It fits well into the memeplex of radical feminism. While I haven't had my finger to the pulse of feminism for a few years, I've gotten the impression that radical feminism hasn't been mainstream since the 1990s.

Replies from: MixedNuts
comment by MixedNuts · 2012-01-14T17:42:51.338Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Radical feminists are a varied bunch. Twisty "everything is rape" Faster is a radfem, but so are a whole bunch of genderqueer BDSM pornographers.

Replies from: arborealhominid
comment by arborealhominid · 2012-12-15T04:05:47.173Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

I don't think the genderqueer BDSM pornographers usually call themselves "radical feminists"; they do call themselves both radicals and feminists, but they don't usually combine the terms. The term "radical feminist" seems to have been largely monopolized by the Andrea Dworkin/ Mary Daly/ Twisty Faster crowd.

Replies from: MixedNuts
comment by MixedNuts · 2012-12-15T09:51:37.490Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

I don't know if unpleasant second-wavers are the most common radfems or just the noisiest on the Internet. I tried doing a bit of a research but couldn't bear it, so you'll have to dig the everything-positive radfems up yourself if you're interested. There are a few I've talked to, but they apparently don't blog.

comment by MugaSofer · 2012-12-16T13:41:11.960Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

That's ... pretty far. I mean, damn.

comment by MugaSofer · 2012-12-16T13:45:36.543Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

I don't think anyone has explicitly said "penetrative sex is rape"; they do use phrases like "inherently degrading and violent"

That distinction seems pretty fine; "degrading and violent sex" sounds a hell of a lot like rape (or perhaps some BSDM simulating rape, I guess.)

Replies from: MixedNuts
comment by MixedNuts · 2012-12-16T14:27:50.490Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Rape is very often not violent, and there are many contexts where it wouldn't be thought degrading by the victim or by the culture, such as marital rape in a culture where it's considered normal.

Consensual degrading and violent sex is certainly kinky, but not necessarily a kind of kink that counts as BDSM and certainly not necessarily rape play. (I feel like I should be making innuendo here about developing your imagination or something.) The "cunnilingus and cuddles" feminist crowd probably don't think it can truly be consensual, but they're just obviously wrong; people might be brainwashed by the patriarchy to go along with something their partner wants, but not to seek it out secretly.

Replies from: MugaSofer
comment by MugaSofer · 2012-12-17T17:48:23.533Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Rape is very often not violent, and there are many contexts where it wouldn't be thought degrading by the victim or by the culture, such as marital rape in a culture where it's considered normal.

Excellent points.

Consensual degrading and violent sex is certainly kinky, but not necessarily a kind of kink that counts as BDSM and certainly not necessarily rape play. (I feel like I should be making innuendo here about developing your imagination or something.)

Even if the word "rape" isn't being used, it seems to me - and this may be a failure of imagination - that it nonetheless simulates rape, or at least something close to it.

people might be brainwashed by the patriarchy to go along with something their partner wants, but not to seek it out secretly.

You sure about that?

Replies from: MixedNuts, DaFranker
comment by MixedNuts · 2012-12-17T19:08:40.658Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Thanks.

Even if the word "rape" isn't being used, it seems to me - and this may be a failure of imagination - that it nonetheless simulates rape, or at least something close to it.

There's some nitpicking to be done about precise definitions of "degrading" and "violent".

It seems fair to describe any pain play (at least if sufficiently intense and fast) as violent. And handing one's date a flogger with a grin and a "Pretty please?" doesn't look much like rape at all.

Here's an example of very degrading sex that's not rape play either. (The domme gives orders to the sub, and there's one act the sub is reluctant to perform, but throughout the scene the sub expresses consent verbally and physically.) This story is extremely gross porn; there are two characters; the domme is a crossdressing woman; the sub is a woman; seriously I mean the "gross" part, you have been warned: Piggy, by Jen Cross.

It might be fair to classify all reluctance play as "simulating something close to rape" (e.g. "Stop hitting me"), and even anything involving restraints if you're being very inclusive, but if someone's begging to be hurt and to do something degrading (and there's no roleplay where they're being forced to or anything) I don't see the resemblance.

people might be brainwashed by the patriarchy to go along with something their partner wants, but not to seek it out secretly.

You sure about that?

Nope! I just dismiss it as a Cartesian demon hypothesis. If you're going to question what someone's sincere introspection tells them they want when they think about it alone and at leisure and they never have to tell anyone about it, you might as well question your own impulse to question things; are you brainwashed by the patriarchy into slut-shaming women who have sex you don't like, or into denying women's agency, or into erasing female desire? Any amount of introspection that's sufficient for you to decide you aren't should also suffice for the person whose desires you're questioning.

And if you're not just questioning patriarchy-approved activities like intercourse and leg-shaving and slut-shaming, but also fetishes patriarchal thinking condemns as weird, you'd better also question your love of cunnilingus and cuddles and bra-burning.

Replies from: MugaSofer
comment by MugaSofer · 2012-12-17T20:05:27.934Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Here's an example of very degrading sex that's not rape play either. (The domme gives orders to the sub, and there's one act the sub is reluctant to perform, but throughout the scene the sub expresses consent verbally and physically.) This story is extremely gross porn; there are two characters; the domme is a crossdressing woman; the sub is a woman; seriously I mean the "gross" part, you have been warned: Piggy, by Jen Cross.

I didn't read the story based on your warning and the fact that you gave a ... synopsis ... that seemed sufficient.

I think I see your point; it does seem possible that sex could independently be violent and degrading, for most values of "violent" and "degrading", without utilizing rape play, although that would seem to be the easiest route.

It might be fair to classify all reluctance play as "simulating something close to rape" (e.g. "Stop hitting me"), and even anything involving restraints if you're being very inclusive

That's basically what I was thinking of.

if someone's begging to be hurt and to do something degrading (and there's no roleplay where they're being forced to or anything)

Funny thing, but I seems to have been thinking that "degrading" meant nonconsensual. Which is stupid, now that I think of it. I guess "degrading" is an ambiguous term, come to think.

comment by DaFranker · 2012-12-17T18:11:42.069Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Even if the word "rape" isn't being used, it seems to me - and this may be a failure of imagination - that it nonetheless simulates rape, or at least something close to it.

Yes, it simulates something close to it, but I think the two-step distinction is enough that avoiding the word "rape" and its connotations is very appropriate. The "degrading and violent" taps into certain emotions, but lacks certain key other emotions and characteristics that make rape so bad and hurtful. To name some, the helplessness feeling is most likely not present (since it's consensual, as stated), and the whole existential crisis that is triggered by the emotional cascade and status markers and mental model updates that all happen at the same time during or in the aftermath. The trauma oft associated with "rape" seems to come mostly from those missing elements, so I wouldn't include this in my carving.

(...) people might be brainwashed by the patriarchy to go along with something their partner wants, but not to seek it out secretly.

You sure about that?

I'm actually thinking that the reverse is more likely true: People can (and probably are) be brainwashed by culture/patriarchy to secretly seek out something.

I see no reason why they couldn't, and I feel like I could draw a graph of at least one plausible way it could happen if I put some brain time into it.

Replies from: MugaSofer
comment by MugaSofer · 2012-12-17T18:28:25.887Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Yes, it simulates something close to it, but I think the two-step distinction is enough that avoiding the word "rape" and its connotations is very appropriate. The "degrading and violent" taps into certain emotions, but lacks certain key other emotions and characteristics that make rape so bad and hurtful. To name some, the helplessness feeling is most likely not present (since it's consensual, as stated), and the whole existential crisis that is triggered by the emotional cascade and status markers and mental model updates that all happen at the same time during or in the aftermath. The trauma oft associated with "rape" seems to come mostly from those missing elements, so I wouldn't include this in my carving.

Obviously, there is a distinction between rape and BSDM play that simulates rape. Still, the claim that all penetrative sex is either rape or an attempt to capture certain emotional elements of rape seems very close to the statement that all penetrative sex is actual rape.

Replies from: DaFranker
comment by DaFranker · 2012-12-17T18:35:38.355Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Still, the claim that all penetrative sex is either rape or an attempt to capture certain emotional elements of rape seems very close to the statement that all penetrative sex is actual rape.

Oh wow... I've failed my Psychometric Tracery. I didn't think that was the actual claim being discussed. I find it to be a very silly claim; this makes me all the more curious to hear their rationale for it.

Replies from: MugaSofer
comment by MugaSofer · 2012-12-17T18:59:57.616Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

This discussion has stretched on pretty long ... and I can hardly object to someone pointing out that a specific claim was wrong just because it doesn't refute my original point.

For reference, this particular argument started with this comment.

comment by TimS · 2012-01-13T19:05:56.300Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Yes, I agree that Dworkin equates coercive sex and penetrative sex. If Dworkin thinks that understanding rules out male rape victims (female tool use, to say nothing of homosexual rape), that would make me sad. After all, male tool use on females would be coercive according to her.

Edit: Forgot central point, which is that saying "men can't be raped" is very different from saying "male rape victims don't matter" The first is an argument about definition and perspective. The second blatantly contradicts the assertion that rape is wrong.


At a certain level, I think it is right to say sex is generally coercive, in much the same way that going to work is generally coercive. If you don't go to work for a long enough period of time, you will be the subject of violence. (e.g. eviction)

That understanding of coercion has the twin failings of (1) not being the ordinary usage of the word, and (2) not saying much that is interesting. Everything is Dworkin-coercive, just about.

Replies from: Prismattic, None, None
comment by Prismattic · 2012-01-14T02:54:24.656Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

At a certain level, I think it is right to say sex is generally coercive, in much the same way that going to work is generally coercive. If you don't go to work for a long enough period of time, you will be the subject of violence. (e.g. eviction)

I don't understand this analogy. It really is necessary to work. It's not necessary to be in any intimate relationships. Taking a vow of celibacy does not lead inevitably to getting raped. Within a relationship, there will be increasing pressure to have sex as time since last coitus increases, but there is typically the alternative of ending the relationship, at least in modern Western society.

Replies from: TimS
comment by TimS · 2012-01-16T20:17:07.197Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

It's not necessary to be in a relationship. Nor is it necessary to engage in sexual relations within the relationship. But there is social pressure to be in a (hetero-normative) relationship and to perform sex acts. Dworkins' first point is that this pressure is gendered. The social norms function to make women feel worse for violating them than men. And the amount of pressure isn't close.

Dworkins' suggested response is to remake society to remove (and prohibit) this type of pressure. Whether she admits it or not, this conflicts with "freedom of speech." But so do most anti-discrimination and anti-group defamation laws (the latter have not been generally implemented in the United States). That doesn't meet we must implement Dworkins' vision to avoid hypocrisy. But I think it is valuable to notice the trade-off we are making. To use economic language, one might call the gendered norms an opportunity cost of arranging society the way we have.

And if the referenced norms seem wrong to you, then you ought not to think of Dworkin as an idiot. Feel free to continue thinking badly of Mary Daly (with my blessing and encouragement).

Replies from: None
comment by [deleted] · 2012-01-16T20:47:49.597Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

if the referenced norms seem wrong to you, then you ought not to think of Dworkin as an idiot.

I don't follow. Dworkin criticises something stupid, that doesn't make ver not an idiot.

Replies from: TimS
comment by TimS · 2012-01-16T22:15:14.104Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Dworkin is from the school of thought that helped us notice those particular costs of the setup. If post-modern thought doesn't appear, we might not notice any of the problems it identified.

I suggest that post-modern thought looks foolish now because more mainstream thought appropriated and applied most of its greatest insights. What "remains" of post-modern thought is much less insightful.

comment by [deleted] · 2012-01-14T16:58:34.353Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

The second blatantly contradicts the assertion that rape is wrong.

"Its not wrong when it happens to the out-group" is standard human thinking. Also overall people do tend to care less about average male than average female suffering.

comment by [deleted] · 2012-01-13T21:36:43.962Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Edit: Forgot central point, which is that saying "men can't be raped" is very different from saying "male rape victims don't matter" The first is an argument about definition and perspective. The second blatantly contradicts the assertion that rape is wrong.

They're not very different in how they are actually understood by listeners. The perceived differenced is based on a notion that humans consciously manipulate their mental categories by arbitrarily choosing explicit verbal definitions and that's not the case.

comment by TheOtherDave · 2012-01-13T18:51:10.174Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

"Suggest" very loosely, in that we would have to ignore both cases where both the penetrator and the penetratee are male, and cases where artificial tools of various sorts are used to perpetrate penetration, in order to draw that conclusion.

Which is not to say that there aren't people who would argue precisely that.

Replies from: thomblake
comment by thomblake · 2012-01-13T19:13:23.555Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

I thought it would be sufficiently damning that it already rules out 'ordinary' female rape of males. If your definition of 'rape' includes consensual sex and does not include this, then we've stopped talking about rape.

comment by A1987dM (army1987) · 2012-12-16T12:54:49.831Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

That said, I hope that Dworkin hasn't said that the gender of the rape victim matters, because it shouldn't matter.

I've heard non-obviously-bogus arguments that it should, e.g. men cannot get pregnant as a result of rape.

Replies from: MixedNuts, TimS, MugaSofer
comment by MixedNuts · 2012-12-16T14:09:33.561Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Some can. It's probably a very different experience though.

And many women can't. If it's unknown to the rapist, asserting power through a threat of forced pregnancy might still happen, but if she's like sixty-five that's not going to happen.

But gender does matter. A man raping a cis woman has a gender wars element to it, usually something like "Men want sex and women don't, so this man is taking it from this woman, scoring one for Team Men. She's a slut for letting it happen, unless she can prove she's a perfect victim and he's a complete monster, in which case she's a victim of female weakness and needs protected by a strong good man.". Conversely, a man raping a man hinges more on "A man weak enough to let someone rape him is not a real man, but gay-female-feminine. He is ridiculous and pathetic.". There are other gender-dependent examples with female perpetrators, with prison rape, with corrective rape, with rape as a weapon for cultural domination, with isolated communities, and so on.

Of course it doesn't matter in that some rapes count and some don't, and it shouldn't matter at all. Just saying, you should expect different support structures, not identical rape shelters which just happen to be 25% male-populated.

comment by TimS · 2012-12-16T19:00:49.918Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

In addition to what MixedNuts said, the question I was raising was whether this was a feminist position. To the extent that it is, I'd like to know whether it is from the methodologically incorrect branch (represented in this discussion by Mary Daly) or the methodologically more correct branch (represented by Andrea Dworkin).

It would surprise me to hear that Dworkin has asserted that men can't be raped - and if I heard it, I'd need to re-examine whether her arguments about the social effect of porn are valid (even if she's right, there are knock-on concerns that weigh against censorship).

More generally, conflating Daly and Dworkin is like conflating Stephen J. Gould and Stephen Pinker.

Replies from: army1987
comment by A1987dM (army1987) · 2012-12-16T20:40:15.468Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

I think I saw a comment subthread on The Good Men Project along the lines “What's it matter whether it's a man who has sex with a woman too drunk to consent [or something like that] or the other way round?” “The woman can get pregnant, etc., etc.” “Wow, that's some serious Dworkin you're channeling”, but I can't find it right now, so I might have dreamt it or something.

comment by MugaSofer · 2012-12-16T13:23:59.606Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Unwanted pregnancy can be a result of rape, but rape seems like a separate Bad Thing that can happen to someone.

comment by MugaSofer · 2012-12-15T17:38:17.873Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Yup. Mysandry is a real thing, if rarer than the reverse. Hell, since stereotypes of men are much less likely to be challenged then those of women, it's arguably more common (on a far lower level than your examples, obviously.)

The mistake is to stereotype all "feminists" as spouting such nonsense, of course.

Replies from: MixedNuts
comment by MixedNuts · 2012-12-15T18:20:16.417Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Hooray, I get to recommend No Seriously, What About Teh Menz? and other nifty things by Ozy Frantz.

...and zie's the only person I know of who writes about misandry without turning into a giant douche.

Replies from: army1987, MugaSofer
comment by A1987dM (army1987) · 2012-12-16T12:03:56.739Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

...and zie's the only person I know of who writes about misandry without turning into a giant douche.

Plenty of posts on The Good Men Project in general are surprisingly sane given their subject matter, too. (The comments are less good though, especially recently with the allegations of rape apology.)

Replies from: MixedNuts
comment by MixedNuts · 2012-12-16T13:33:34.788Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

I haven't seen any good ones that were about misandry specifically, but yeah, there's lot of good stuff. The series on male depression's good.

Most of the articles are fluff along the lines of "Hats are cool", though. And right now I'm just a little bit reluctant to recommend the site that published the "I raped a few people, but partying is fun so I don't mind" article.

Replies from: army1987, MugaSofer
comment by A1987dM (army1987) · 2012-12-16T17:24:54.581Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

And right now I'm just a little bit reluctant to recommend the site that published the "I raped a few people, but partying is fun so I don't mind" article.

I do see the point of publishing such articles; but unfortunately they (and I) overestimated the sanity (in the LW sense) of the readers -- see the third paragraph of “Belief as Attire”. Turns out that some of the readers are more like Alabama bar patrons than like nerds, and unfortunately there's no way of saying ‘X did Y because of Z’ to Alabama bar patrons that won't sound like ‘it was right for X to do Y’.

Replies from: MixedNuts
comment by MixedNuts · 2012-12-16T17:46:50.716Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

"Rapists justify themselves by claiming consent is complicated" goes over well all the time. "I'm a rapist, but consent is complicated so it's a risk I'm willing to take" is supposed not to go over well.

Knowing the justifications rapists use is not useless. But "I had an e-mail exchange with an anonymous rapist, and here are some quotes" would suffice, whereas "Here's an article by a person I disagree with" implies some degree of respect for the defended position.

Replies from: ChristianKl, ChristianKl, army1987
comment by ChristianKl · 2012-12-17T16:33:25.362Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Having a few quotes doesn't give you a full understanding of the justification. If you really want to understand the justification the article is much better for that purpose.

Replies from: MixedNuts
comment by MixedNuts · 2012-12-17T17:18:55.268Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Meh, not really. How People Rationalize Rape Culture is Feminism 102, and the article was the same old excuses. There was one bit that wasn't drop-dead standard, where he described committing rape as a risk for him to take, rather than the potential victim, but even that is kind of an extension of "consent is hard".

What we need is insight into the actual motivations for rape, and those aren't going to be in articles written for the express purpose of making the author look good. Rudolf Hess's notebooks and his psychiatrist's rarely agree.

And even then, the editor's note should be scathing enough to compensate for the status boost of publishing his article, not a half-hearted refusal to endorse.

Replies from: MugaSofer
comment by MugaSofer · 2012-12-17T18:03:00.384Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

How People Rationalize Rape Culture is Feminism 102, and the article was the same old excuses. There was one bit that wasn't drop-dead standard...

I defy you to reproduce such an article from your model of rapists.

comment by ChristianKl · 2012-12-17T14:16:53.407Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

But "I had an e-mail exchange with an anonymous rapist, and here are some quotes" would suffice, whereas "Here's an article by a person I disagree with" implies some degree of respect for the defended position.

I think that depends on the people in the discussion. If you discuss among high status folk where everyone agrees that all the participants of the discussion have reasonable views then there no problem to point to articles with crazy views.

If you discuss in a group where there a chance that someone actually supports the crazy view you have to be more careful.

Replies from: TimS, MixedNuts, MugaSofer
comment by TimS · 2012-12-17T17:36:39.553Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

I mostly agree with what you are saying, but I'm not sure what the phrase "high status" is intended to add. High status is not the same as "clear thinking" or "rationally weighing the evidence" - and it is dangerous to pretend otherwise.

Replies from: ChristianKl
comment by ChristianKl · 2012-12-17T19:04:17.227Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Whether or not I'm clear thinking doesn't depend on the group in which I'm operating. The views that I can espouse do depend on my social status within the group. If I'm high status I'm not constrained to argue views that are socially accepted. I can argue views based on their intellectual merits.

Fellow members in the group will value me for arguing views based on their intellectual merits without any consideration of respecting ideas. If I'm operating in a low status enviroment it's more important to signal respect to popular ideas and disrespect to the wrong ideas.

Of course I can also say that I don't care about the approval. If I fail to give respect to the right ideas on LessWrong it won't have much bad implications for my daily life. If I'm however arguing in a sphere where the approval of other people matter, it effects the views that I can publically espouse.

comment by MixedNuts · 2012-12-17T14:47:11.872Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

The website is public and has a rather large audience. Moreover, it talks about misandry (and generally gender from a male perspective) a lot, and therefore has originally tried hard to distance itself from those who call themselves Men's Rights Activists.

comment by MugaSofer · 2012-12-17T18:07:37.034Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

If you discuss in a group where there a chance that someone actually supports the crazy view you have to be more careful.

Considering the article in question didn't actually defend his actions, I'm not sure why.

comment by A1987dM (army1987) · 2012-12-17T10:50:45.936Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

"Here's an article by a person I disagree with" implies some degree of respect for the defended position.

I either disagree or ADBOC depending on what exactly is meant by "respect". People didn't stop printing copies of Mein Kampf, did they?

Replies from: MixedNuts, MugaSofer
comment by MixedNuts · 2012-12-17T12:10:32.996Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Mein Kampf is a pretty good example. In many countries buying and selling it is banned except under special circumstances, or requires specific notes, or is legal if you don't look like you endorse it. The Bavarian government controls the rights, and usually forbids reprints.

Most people would certainly be very suspicious of someone distributing Mein Kampf unless they did a whole annotated song and dance about how it's an absolutely horrible book but they have a duty to preserve historical evidence, disgusting as it is. "Here's a person whose conclusions I disagree with" implies that the arguments are worthy of consideration, not just evidence about the person's psychology. As opposed to "Here's what goes on in the head of a freaking rapist ew ew".

Replies from: MugaSofer
comment by MugaSofer · 2012-12-17T18:10:05.455Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

"Here's what goes on in the head of a freaking rapist ew ew"

Wasn't the point of publishing the article (and the other articles they're getting flamed over) to aknowledge the fact that rapists are not necessarily Evil Mutants?

Replies from: Oligopsony, MixedNuts
comment by Oligopsony · 2012-12-17T20:25:38.481Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

The most useful function of such an article would be if readers approached it as "evil rapist thoughts ew ew" but not "rapist mutant." (Obviously neither of these implies the other, even if they do suggest them.) Then they might be able to notice rapey thoughts when they appear and stop them with a disgust reaction. I suspect this is how most moral edification works, even.

Replies from: army1987, MugaSofer
comment by A1987dM (army1987) · 2012-12-19T10:15:20.038Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Then they might be able to notice rapey thoughts when they appear and stop them with a disgust reaction.

Yes -- and that's indeed what most commenters to those articles other than "how dare you point out rapists are human" said they would be doing.

comment by MugaSofer · 2012-12-17T20:41:51.511Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

I would argue that approaching them as "ew ew" interferes with our understanding of these thoughts, but actually I had interpreted the comment as meaning "ew a rapist" not "ew rapist thoughts".

comment by MixedNuts · 2012-12-17T19:11:19.658Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Aren't you confusing "We should empathize with rapists, because someone with their whole life history would probably also rape" and "We should sympathize with rapists, because someone in the situation they chose to rape would probably also rape"?

Replies from: MugaSofer
comment by MugaSofer · 2012-12-17T19:17:42.072Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

No. We should empathize with people - of whom rapists are a subset - because this gives us a more accurate model of them than loud declarations that the Hated Enemy is pure evil.

"We should sympathize with rapists, because someone in the situation they chose to rape would probably also rape" is an interesting notion, but I do not espouse it and the essay in question does not actually claim that it is true, although the author does admit to considering the notion.

Replies from: MixedNuts
comment by MixedNuts · 2012-12-17T19:29:03.267Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Okay, so we are trying to do the former but not the latter.

It's pretty important to understand the psychology of racism. It's always a big social problem, with cyclical increases, one of which is currently affecting most of Europe, and whose extreme supporters are very dangerous. Would you be okay with the Forward running an article by a neo-Nazi who admits he committed at least one hate crime but thinks that occasionally beating up someone is justified by how fun Nazi Party rallies are?

If so, doesn't the increase of anti-Tutsi sentiment in Rwandan media in the years leading up to the genocide kinda bother you?

Replies from: MugaSofer
comment by MugaSofer · 2012-12-17T20:05:05.607Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Okay, so we are trying to do the former but not the latter.

By "the latter", I assume you mean sympathize with rapists.

Would you be okay with the Forward running an article by a neo-Nazi who admits he committed at least one hate crime but thinks that occasionally beating up someone is justified by how fun Nazi Party rallies are?

Well, I doubt that any actual racist thinks like that. But I would be OK with, say, a movie portraying a Nazi as a sympathetic character while showing them gassing Jews, as long as they didn't show this as a good thing to do. Helping people understand how people - not monsters, people with hopes and dreams and children - can become so confused as to kill someone without realizing they have done something wrong is a valuable service and I would absolutely support anyone doing it. Of course, they should avoid inadvertently furnishing actual racists with arguments to defend their racism when they show racist rhetoric, but that's hardly a unique problem - any sufficiently charismatic villain could risk persuading viewers (or strengthening their beliefs) and it is the responsibility of any author to avoid that while still portraying a convincing villain; this is usually accomplished by having the the hero or some other sympathetic character lecture the villain, pointing out why the villain is, in fact, evil.

doesn't the increase of anti-Tutsi sentiment in Rwandan media in the years leading up to the genocide kinda bother you?

... I'm sorry? That doesn't seem relevant to our discussion; if it is, could you please explain why?

Replies from: MixedNuts
comment by MixedNuts · 2012-12-17T20:37:38.514Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

a movie portraying a Nazi as a sympathetic character while showing them gassing Jews

That's not a fair comparison! The movie handles the framing. Show the Nazi eating cream with his children on Christmas, cut to him herding children into the gas chamber, be praised for the powerful point you make through contrast by an easily impressed critic who hasn't been to the movies since 1909.

Here, the rapist really exists, and is writing the article himself. He's very much portraying his decisions as good, even though they imply rape.

Helping people understand how people - not monsters, people with hopes and dreams and children - can become so confused as to kill someone without realizing they have done something wrong is a valuable service

Definitely. But helping people understand how people thus confused excuse themselves after the fact is a much less valuable service.

this is usually accomplished by having the the hero or some other sympathetic character lecture the villain, pointing out why the villain is, in fact, evil

Well, yeah, exactly. Noah Brand's note didn't say why the article was wrong, or even that the author was a rapist at all. It said he disagreed with the author. Near telling Light "I disagree with your assessment that Kira should rule the world" wouldn't carry much punch.

doesn't the increase of anti-Tutsi sentiment in Rwandan media in the years leading up to the genocide kinda bother you?

... I'm sorry? That doesn't seem relevant to our discussion; if it is, could you please explain why?

People advocate bad things, are allowed to keep advocating bad speech because of explicit anti-censorship reasons, other people are convinced and do the bad things.

Replies from: MugaSofer
comment by MugaSofer · 2012-12-17T20:59:47.951Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

The movie handles the framing. Show the Nazi eating cream with his children on Christmas, cut to him herding children into the gas chamber, be praised for the powerful point you make through contrast by an easily impressed critic who hasn't been to the movies since 1909.

I was thinking of a movie that shows how the Nazi was mislead into gassing people, not simply one that makes the bald statement "this man is an ordinary human, yet also kills people".

Here, the rapist really exists, and is writing the article himself. He's very much portraying his decisions as good, even though they imply rape.

Re-read the article. He doesn't claim his actions were the correct decision.

Definitely. But helping people understand how people thus confused excuse themselves after the fact is a much less valuable service.

Well, yeah, exactly. Noah Brand's note didn't say why the article was wrong, or even that the author was a rapist at all. It said he disagreed with the author. Near telling Light "I disagree with your assessment that Kira should rule the world" wouldn't carry much punch.

That was just an aside, TBH. But IIRC the author of the essay does criticize his own reasoning where it lead him to rape, although obviously not enough to stop. And he doesn't offer any defense of rape at all, he just assumes it to be bad (which seems reasonable.)

People advocate bad things, are allowed to keep advocating bad speech because of explicit anti-censorship reasons, other people are convinced and do the bad things.

... which is relevant how? We're not discussing someone advocating bad things and it being defended for anti-censorship reasons.

Replies from: MixedNuts
comment by MixedNuts · 2012-12-17T21:28:35.159Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

I was thinking of a movie that shows how the Nazi was mislead into gassing people, not simply one that makes the bald statement "this man is an ordinary human, yet also kills people".

The article doesn't show how he was misled into thinking that someone flirting with him while they're both drunk is consenting to any sex act, or into thinking that he gets to weigh the damage rape does to his victims against his fun. It just says that he thinks that, then adds "But I don't wanna feel like a bad person, waaaah!".

Re-read the article. He doesn't claim his actions were the correct decision.

It's right there in the title. Also at the end

Some might think it’s monstrous of me to keep drinking, keep partying. But I have had so many good, positive, happy experiences because I took a chance and altered my state and connected with someone else sexually, it seems crazy to throw all that away.

But IIRC the author of the essay does criticize his own reasoning where it lead him to rape, although obviously not enough to stop. And he doesn't offer any defense of rape at all, he just assumes it to be bad

Yeah, but that's like our Nazi character saying "Sure, it's sad when we kill Jews. But if we don't they'll destroy the Aryan race, so it's worth it.".

We're not discussing someone advocating bad things and it being defended for anti-censorship reasons.

He's advocating laxer social punishment for people who rape at parties. You're defending it because you think people should know about his reasoning.

Replies from: MugaSofer
comment by MugaSofer · 2012-12-17T22:38:14.605Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

The article doesn't show how he was misled into thinking that someone flirting with him while they're both drunk is consenting to any sex act,

I think you need to re-read the article. It describes, from the inside, someone who raped without believing that rape is OK. Most people in our society are aware that rape is Bad. Obviously rapists are more likely to believe that rape is OK, but here we have a rapist who acknowledges that what he did was wrong, and thus is able to give significantly less biased account. That's valuable information for most people.

It's right there in the title. Also at the end

Saying "I'm going to do this" is different from providing arguments why that's the correct decision. He admits he can't justify it;

He's advocating laxer social punishment for people who rape at parties.

Deciding someone is an inhuman monster is not a punishment, it's an error of rationality.

Replies from: MixedNuts
comment by MixedNuts · 2012-12-17T23:14:24.592Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Lots of people believe "rape is bad, rape is a stranger leaping out of the bushes, rape isn't sex with someone too drunk to know who you are". That isn't news. This guy believed that, then learned better, then shrugged and kept on raping. I guess the valuable info is "Telling people what rape is might not convince them to stop".

He admits he can't justify it

He doesn't even admit it's bad. ("And maybe finding it livable-with condemns us all to hell. I don’t know.") The reaction he's going for is "Yeah, it's more complicated than I thought, we shouldn't be so harsh on you.". In particular he's telling that to himself, and hoping to get external validation for that.

It'd be a very different story if he was saying "This is horrible, but I can't bring myself to stop. Where can I get help?".

Deciding someone is an inhuman monster is not a punishment, it's an error of rationality.

Aren't you reading too much into the denotation of insults? He's a specimen of H. sapiens with normal psychological development given his environment. He's also a person whose actions are harmful, and who should be pressured to stop through guilt and shunning. (And removed from society, but we don't know who to jail; if Brand has info he's not saying.)

Replies from: MugaSofer
comment by MugaSofer · 2012-12-18T18:08:09.717Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Lots of people believe "rape is bad, rape is a stranger leaping out of the bushes, rape isn't sex with someone too drunk to know who you are". That isn't news. This guy believed that, then learned better, then shrugged and kept on raping. I guess the valuable info is "Telling people what rape is might not convince them to stop".

It's possible that you know so much on the subject that this essay genuinely doesn't contain any information you can use.

He doesn't even admit it's bad. ("And maybe finding it livable-with condemns us all to hell. I don’t know.") The reaction he's going for is "Yeah, it's more complicated than I thought, we shouldn't be so harsh on you.". In particular he's telling that to himself, and hoping to get external validation for that.

He admits, repeatedly, that it's bad. He also admits that he's conflicted, and a mixture of akrasia, uncertainty and plain old hypocrisy means that he's not modifying his behavior as a result of this fact. But he doesn't claim that this is in any way the "right choice". Furthermore, he doesn't claim we shouldn't punish him or whatever - although clearly he's not exactly turning himself in - he claims (more or less) that we should stop modelling him, and others like him, as The Enemy and more as, well, people. People who have done things with some horrific consequences, but nonetheless people, not "predators" hiding beneath a human skin. To model our political enemies as Evil Monsters is a persistent fault in human rationality, for obvious evopsych reasons. It may not do all that much damage when it deals with rapists (although it's harder to stop something you don't understand.) But this is nonetheless a bias that should be fought, because in other, less forgiving circumstances it can produce horrific results (including some rapists more dangerous than this guy, ironically.)

It'd be a very different story if he was saying "This is horrible, but I can't bring myself to stop. Where can I get help?".

It would be happier ending, sure, and obviously I wish that's how it had ended. But the virtue ethics of the author does not tarnish the information in the text, as long as it's not biased (it's a hell of a lot less biased than most such essays.)

Aren't you reading too much into the denotation of insults? He's a specimen of H. sapiens with normal psychological development given his environment. He's also a person whose actions are harmful, and who should be pressured to stop through guilt and shunning. (And removed from society, but we don't know who to jail; if Brand has info he's not saying.)

Once again, there is a difference between deciding, for the good of the tribe, to treat this man like a demon that crawled into your friend's skin if you meet him on the street. (Although I suspect that's suboptimal, somehow.) But in terms of rationality - y'know, the thing this site is about? - it is factually wrong to be modelling him as one. And it's dangerous, judging from history, to start demonizing those who don't demonize.

Replies from: MixedNuts
comment by MixedNuts · 2012-12-18T18:51:01.292Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

It's possible that you know so much on the subject that this essay genuinely doesn't contain any information you can use.

Articles and studies on the psychology of rapists aren't rare. If someone doesn't understand all that much how rape works, they should read the Yes means yes blog, not an article saying "Consent is complicated".

People who have done things with some horrific consequences, but nonetheless people, not "predators" hiding beneath a human skin.

I'm confused. Can you describe some differences between the two models?

The man who believes it's sinful for his wife not to put out is following moral principles, and is just factually mistaken. The woman who rapes someone, then is horrified and turns herself in, is trying to follow correct moral principles and failing due to akrasia. The man who knows he's raping people but is uncomfortable with admitting he should stop and thus doesn't try... isn't that best described by "evil monster"? Dude is the villain of his own story!

as long as it's not biased (it's a hell of a lot less biased than most such essays.)

You mean because it shows the cognitive dissonance between "rape is bad" and "I don't wanna stop raping" head-on?

Replies from: MugaSofer
comment by MugaSofer · 2012-12-18T19:54:39.996Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Articles and studies on the psychology of rapists aren't rare.

Informative ones, by actual rapists, who aren't defending rape, are pretty damn rare.

If someone doesn't understand all that much how rape works, they should read the Yes means yes blog

Funny.

an article saying "Consent is complicated".

Please stop claiming that's all this is. I've refuted it like five times now.

I'm confused. Can you describe some differences between the two models?

Imagine two serial killers. One is a robot, sent from the future to kill Sarah Conner. The other is crazy, and believes that only he can stop the Moon People from taking over.

You mean because it shows the cognitive dissonance between "rape is bad" and "I don't wanna stop raping" head-on?

Pretty much. It's not trying to persuade you that rape is OK, it's trying to help you understand why (some) rape happens, and that it doesn't require an evil mutant or even a particularly dangerous person (except to the people getting raped, obviously.)

PS:

The man who believes it's sinful for his wife not to put out is following moral principles, and is just factually mistaken. The woman who rapes someone, then is horrified and turns herself in, is trying to follow correct moral principles and failing due to akrasia. The man who knows he's raping people but is uncomfortable with admitting he should stop and thus doesn't try... isn't that best described by "evil monster"? Dude is the villain of his own story!

I don't understand this bit.

Replies from: MixedNuts
comment by MixedNuts · 2012-12-18T21:14:35.474Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Imagine two serial killers. One is a robot, sent from the future to kill Sarah Conner. The other is crazy, and believes that only he can stop the Moon People from taking over.

Okay, so you're trying to say that... rapists don't literally endorse hurting humanity? They know that rape does so, and they don't try to figure out a way to stop, and you have to use force to make them stop because moral concerns don't move them, but unlike evil mutant robot monsters, they feel guilty about it and write self-pitying essays?

it's trying to help you understand why (some) rape happens

No it isn't. It's trying to help me understand what rapists tell themselves is why rape happens. I very much doubt those are the real causes.

and that it doesn't require an evil mutant or even a particularly dangerous person (except to the people getting raped, obviously.)

If the scores of articles by feminists about how anyone, no matter how charming and friendly and good to have in your tribe, can be a predator don't convince people, but this one article by a rapist does... then the article is worthwhile and I weep for humanity.

I don't understand this bit.

I was giving examples of rapists who think of themselves as good people. The first has incorrect beliefs about morality, and does what he believes is right. The second has correct beliefs, but fails to follow them once, though she does most of the time. Someone who has correct beliefs about morality and consistently fails to act on them (akrasia shmakrasia, he's not trying to figure out a way to make himself stop) pretty much has to think of himself as evil.

Replies from: DaFranker, MugaSofer
comment by DaFranker · 2012-12-18T21:32:22.673Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

articles by feminists about how anyone, no matter how charming and friendly and good to have in your tribe, can be a predator

Chirping in: This formulation is problematic. Rapists aren't "predators disguising as people" until they shed their social pretense and let loose their inner evil upon unsuspecting victims. This is not a "one of them could be inherently rapist, we just don't know who".

Until they rape, rapists are just people in the exact same way that until they get elected/nominated politicians are just people. It could be argued that for the entire set of all humans, there exists for each human at least one non-contrived configuration-space of "current situation" in which they would rape, either by choice while aware of it, by choice while not realizing that it's rape, or with some form of pressure that makes it clearly unreasonable not to.

After the rape, have those people become fundamentally changed in some way? Are their neural systems now different, and now optimizing for a completely different utility function that has a parameter for reducing other peoples' utility as much as possible? They're still the same people, to the extent that "same people" remain "same people" throughout time.

Someone who has correct beliefs about morality and consistently fails to act on them (akrasia shmakrasia, he's not trying to figure out a way to make himself stop) pretty much has to think of himself as evil.

This... doesn't seem to follow. They do have to think of themselves as perfect on pain of not being perfectly consistent, yes. However, making the jump from there to "evil because not maximizing morality" is far-fetched, and I doubt most of these people are rational and/or smart enough to even reason about this in these terms.

Replies from: MixedNuts
comment by MixedNuts · 2012-12-18T22:15:17.031Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Rapists aren't "predators disguising as people" until they shed their social pretense and let loose their inner evil upon unsuspecting victims. This is not a "one of them could be inherently rapist, we just don't know who".

There is such a thing as a rapist type. A little over half of rapists are repeat offenders, with six victims on average. This group is also more likely to slap or choke people they have sex with, and to hit children. (And also to commit sexual assault, but at this point that's obvious.)

The remaining group, of one-time rapists, probably matches your model.

Until they rape, rapists are just people in the exact same way that until they get elected/nominated politicians are just people. It could be argued that for the entire set of all humans, there exists for each human at least one non-contrived configuration-space of "current situation" in which they would rape, either by choice while aware of it, by choice while not realizing that it's rape, or with some form of pressure that makes it clearly unreasonable not to.

I'm pretty sure that's false, assuming we're counting fuck-or-die situations (where both parties are being raped, anyway) and messing with meds as contrived. To stretch your metaphor horribly, until Obama was first elected he wasn't president, but he was the type of person who wants a political career and has positions that fit in a party's platform and can give good public speeches and raise money to campaign and so on, in the way that most people aren't.

To take a N=1 sample, I can't think of a non-contrived situation where I would rape. What's more, when I model myself being born in the kind of environment that would lead me to rape, the person stops being recognizably me long before puberty. Whereas other unfortunately-raised mes remain me well into invading Poland or going postal or torturing heretics.

There are certainly some people, possibly more than I think (but way less than the whole of humanity), who can lose control. And as they're still the same people, once they regain control of themselves, they are horrified and atone as much as they can.

Or are you thinking of something like war, where (or so I heard) people go berserk and kill and rape indiscriminately? That I'll buy. (It does change people fundamentally, but doesn't replace them with evilbots.) But that's nowhere near what we're discussing here.

making the jump from there to "evil because not maximizing morality" is far-fetched

Wait, is the jump from "anyone who chooses to do this is evil, I do this, I know ways to stop doing this, I'm not taking them" to "I'm evil" far-fetched? Isn't that as basic as cognitive dissonance gets?

Replies from: MugaSofer
comment by MugaSofer · 2012-12-19T00:51:03.795Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

There is such a thing as a rapist type. A little over half of rapists are repeat offenders, with six victims on average. This group is also more likely to slap or choke people they have sex with, and to hit children. (And also to commit sexual assault, but at this point that's obvious.)

I understand there's some questionable statistics here, but I have to admit that that's reasonable enough that I don't care if it should really be one-third or something. My model predicts that there is indeed such a cluster. Doesn't mean they're "'predators disguising as people' until they shed their social pretense and let loose their inner evil upon unsuspecting victims." as DaFranker so helpfully put it.

The remaining group, of one-time rapists, probably matches your model.

They all match my model, except the actual psychopaths and such. Who, while probably over-represented among rapists, are by no means the norm.

I'm pretty sure that's false, assuming we're counting fuck-or-die situations (where both parties are being raped, anyway) and messing with meds as contrived. To stretch your metaphor horribly, until Obama was first elected he wasn't president, but he was the type of person who wants a political career and has positions that fit in a party's platform and can give good public speeches and raise money to campaign and so on, in the way that most people aren't.

That doesn't change the fact that rape, while it obviously selects somewhat, does not rewire you into a cartoon villain.

To take a N=1 sample, I can't think of a non-contrived situation where I would rape. What's more, when I model myself being born in the kind of environment that would lead me to rape, the person stops being recognizably me long before puberty. Whereas other unfortunately-raised mes remain me well into invading Poland or going postal or torturing heretics.

... and that doesn't indicate to you that your model may be inserting magical personality-rewrites into Evil Mutants? It sure as hell would to me. In fact, it has. Always proved right so far. If you can't empathize with them, you don't understand them. Might not work on aliens, but it sure as hell works on humans.

There are certainly some people, possibly more than I think (but way less than the whole of humanity), who can lose control. And as they're still the same people, once they regain control of themselves, they are horrified and atone as much as they can.

Or are you thinking of something like war, where (or so I heard) people go berserk and kill and rape indiscriminately? That I'll buy. (It does change people fundamentally, but doesn't replace them with evilbots.) But that's nowhere near what we're discussing here.

I wouldn't say they "kill and rape indiscriminately". They just kill and rape the enemy. It's not like they're people, right? Because if they were, that might make killing them wrong. Can't have our soldiers thinking that, can we? (I understand the US army, at least, has switched away from demonizing their enemies in Basic Training for precisely this reason.)

Wait, is the jump from "anyone who chooses to do this is evil, I do this, I know ways to stop doing this, I'm not taking them" to "I'm evil" far-fetched? Isn't that as basic as cognitive dissonance gets?

Calling people "evil" is tricky. There are a lot of conflicting metaethics and definitions floating around the issue. But I think it's fair to say that "not maximizing morality" is different from "evil". You ever spend money on chocolate? Fuck you. That money could have gone to charity. Saved lives. And you spent it on chocolate instead? Who the hell do you think you are, to put your pleasure above people dying? Of course, this goes for all nonessential expenditure. Humans don't maximize morality, because if we did we wouldn't be able to compete. We might want to, but if we somehow learned to defeat the layers of akrasia and bias and simple hypocrisy then we would no longer be human. Humans aren't FAIs, we're evolutionarily adapted to a specific niche.

Replies from: Nornagest, MixedNuts
comment by Nornagest · 2012-12-19T01:32:40.038Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

I wouldn't say they "kill and rape indiscriminately". They just kill and rape he enemy. It's not like they're people, right? Because if they were, that might make killing them wrong. Can't have our soldiers thinking that, can we? (I understand the US army, at least, has switched away from demonizing their enemies in Basic Training for precisely this reason.)

This is a complicated subject. To begin with, it's pretty hard to get more than a small percentage of soldiers to kill people at all: until after WWII, somewhere in the neighborhood of 80% of combatants in any given battle didn't fire their weapons, and the great majority of shots fired weren't aimed. Modern training methods aim to reduce this through associative conditioning, making training as realistic as practical, and a variety of other techniques that sometimes include dehumanization of the enemy.

Now, there's a spectrum running from battlefield killing to full-blown atrocity, but atrocity's also got some unique features. If you're ordered to execute prisoners, for example, the prisoners end up dead or they don't: you can't shoot over their heads, or run ammunition or tend to the wounded instead of fighting, as you could in pitched battle. Because of this atrocity can be used as a tool of policy: soldiers who've committed war crimes have no choice but to justify them to themselves and each other, distancing them from their enemies and bonding them with a shared rationalization.

This is bidirectional, of course; committing atrocity makes it easier to commit further atrocities, and a war where many gray-area cases come up (engaging enemy fighters in civilian clothes, for example, or mistakenly shooting a surrendering soldier) is one in which deliberate atrocity becomes more likely. The US army in the last few wars has tried very hard to draw a line, partly for PR reasons and partly because atrocity isn't well suited to recent strategic models, but the psychology involved doesn't lie entirely within institutional hands -- though institutions can of course exploit it, and many do.

Replies from: MugaSofer
comment by MugaSofer · 2012-12-19T15:32:22.605Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Yay, an expert!

soldiers who've committed war crimes have no choice but to justify them to themselves and each other, distancing them from their enemies and bonding them with a shared rationalization.

That occurred to me, and I decided not to bother adding a caveat, since they presumably justify it by demonizing the enemy anyway. Although I guess that some "accidental" rapists probably rationalize their crime as not a big deal when if realize what they did, which could indeed lead to more rapes. That's a different proposition to actually turning them into a cartoon villain, but still.

comment by MixedNuts · 2012-12-19T08:42:53.041Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

You claim that I model rapists as Evil Mutants, but I don't know what you mean by that. Can you name one false prediction of my model?

Edited; previous version was:

It would help if you named one false prediction that my model of rapists as "Evil Mutants" makes.

Replies from: wedrifid, MugaSofer
comment by wedrifid · 2012-12-19T09:57:01.180Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

It would help if you named one false prediction that my model of rapists as "Evil Mutants" makes.

This would require interpreting your "rapists are Evil Mutants" claim as about making falsifiable predictions, which would be unreasonable interpretation of your comments thus far. Instead "Rapists are Evil Mutants!" seems to be presented tautologically for the purpose of signalling your own strict virtue and social dominance within the role of moral arbiter.

We can arrive at a falsifiable interpretation if we interpret "Mutant" as an indicator that the labelled individual must be in someway genetically different from a 'typical' sample of the species homo sapiens sapiens---or even stretch it to mean that extreme environmental conditions have impacted it sufficiently that the individual can not be said to be exhibiting behaviors representative of its species. It is hopefully obvious to most that this makes "Rapists are Evil Mutants" both falsifiable and trivially false. This is particularly the case if we are using the rather general definition of 'rape' that MixedNuts prefers. (See, earlier mentions of strict consent standards and a rejection of the intuitive notions of what rape is.)

It is in fact the case that rape is bad. Violent stereotypical rape is bad. Other complicated things with insufficient quality or admissibility of consent that we call rape are also bad. Yet these are bad things that many or most actual humans would do in the right (or perhaps wrong) circumstances. Many of them are not even considered 'evil' by all cultures, much less as evidence of a bizarre deviancy.

Your enemies are (probably) not innately evil.

Replies from: MugaSofer, MixedNuts
comment by MugaSofer · 2012-12-19T13:38:39.349Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

We can arrive at a falsifiable interpretation if we interpret "Mutant" as an indicator that the labelled individual must be in someway genetically different from a 'typical' sample of the species homo sapiens sapiens---or even stretch it to mean that extreme environmental conditions have impacted it sufficiently that the individual can not be said to be exhibiting behaviors representative of its species. It is hopefully obvious to most that this makes "Rapists are Evil Mutants" both falsifiable and trivially false. This is particularly the case if we are using the rather general definition of 'rape' that MixedNuts prefers. (See, earlier mentions of strict consent standards and a rejection of the intuitive notions of what rape is.)

In fairness, that's probably an overly narrow interpretation of their views. They don't seem to believe rape is genetic, at least. It seems closer to "liberals" than "Jews", in stereotype terms. That's not to say it can't produce inaccurate results, of course. Otherwise it wouldn't be rational to avoid stereotyping.

comment by MixedNuts · 2012-12-19T10:24:01.600Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

That's what I'm whining about. MugaSofer claims that I believe (something ey rephrases as) "rapists are Evil Mutants", and that the essay we're discussing is valuable because it's evidence for the true claim "rapists are not Evil Mutants". I'm trying to figure out what these claims mean. So far we have ruled out "rapists are genetically abnormal" (we agree this is untrue), "rapists hold true beliefs about morality but don't care" (we agree this is true is this case), and "rapists rape due to choice, not just akrasia" (we also agree this is true in this case).

Replies from: wedrifid, MugaSofer
comment by wedrifid · 2012-12-19T10:29:57.649Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

These beliefs all seem sane. (And thankyou for explaining.)

For future reference when making comments like this it may be worth making it clear that you do not in fact have the belief that your words literally attributing to yourself and are instead being misrepresented. I'm afraid the literal interpretation seemed to fit reasonably well so I did not immediately interpret it as a countersignal.

comment by MugaSofer · 2012-12-19T14:53:57.156Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

"rapists hold true beliefs about morality but don't care" (we agree this is true is this case), and "rapists rape due to choice, not just akrasia" (we also agree this is true in this case).

That's probably true for some rapists, sure, but it's clearly not true for all of them. It's generalizations that are the problem here.

Replies from: MixedNuts
comment by MixedNuts · 2012-12-19T15:59:45.492Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Yeah, just talking about this guy. I gave examples of someone who sincerely believes marital rape is okay (falsifies "true beliefs") and someone who immediately regrets raping and takes steps to avoid it (falsifies "choice, not akrasia").

Replies from: MugaSofer
comment by MugaSofer · 2012-12-19T19:46:32.759Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Well, I'm not sure how someone not raping falsifies choice, not akrasia. It just means they chose right. (And that they happened to beat akrasia.) Or do you mean it would invalidate your claim that most rapists have already made that choice?

Replies from: MixedNuts
comment by MixedNuts · 2012-12-19T23:21:21.091Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

The person with akrasia I mentioned rapes once (or, if sufficiently good at introspection, not at all), then stays well clear of any situations that would require them to exert willpower not to rape. This can be done by automatically learned aversion ("Holy crap I just raped someone" being a strong punishment), by turning oneself in, by getting therapy, by avoiding the context where they raped (such as being drunk), by avoiding all sexual activity in that context, by getting away from the kind of person one is likely to rape, etc.

comment by MugaSofer · 2012-12-19T15:09:17.102Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Well, for one thing you seem to think that this particular rapist wrote this as part of a calculated ploy to reduce society's defenses against him (and other rapists?) But I'm not sure how we could test that. By "Evil Mutants" I mean you're using the neuroarchitecture that demonizes political opponents and Hated Enemies in general, if that clears anything up. I understand you're pretty knowledgeable about rape; could you mention some predictions you don't already know to be true? (Of course, I suspect some of your predictions regarding things you know about are wrong anyway because of poor data or whatever, but that's harder to find and, y'know, rarer.)

Replies from: MixedNuts
comment by MixedNuts · 2012-12-19T23:11:48.040Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

you seem to think that this particular rapist wrote this as part of a calculated ploy to reduce society's defenses against him (and other rapists?)

Not quite. I believe that the effect of the article is to reduce society's defenses against that type of rapist, and that the author would still publish the article if he shared my belief about this. I think it's unlikely that he has consciously thought about it, or that he would share my belief if he did. I believe that he did not decide to write the article in order to get this effect. I believe that the cause of this decision was cognitive dissonance between his beliefs "rape is bad" and "I'm a good person", which led him to seek reassurance of the latter. I wouldn't know what he believes was the cause; I doubt it's "to make myself feel better" (or any other phrasing of what I think is the true cause).

By "Evil Mutants" I mean you're using the neuroarchitecture that demonizes political opponents and Hated Enemies in general, if that clears anything up.

It's not an answer I can use, as long as we don't have an MRI handy. So we'll have to settle for wrong predictions.

could you mention some predictions you don't already know to be true

  • Rapists target victims who are easiest to rape and least likely to get the rapist in trouble. (pretty sure) I make no claim as to how much of that selection is conscious.
    • Visibly strong people are less likely to be raped. (somewhat confident)
    • People who display willingness to attract attention or to fight are less likely to be raped. (pretty sure, but I'm not sure I can honestly claim not to know this)
    • Disabled people are more likely to be raped. (somewhat confident)
    • Cognitively disabled people are more likely to be raped than people with other kinds of disabilities. (pretty sure)
    • Locked-up people get raped ten ways to Wednesday. Obviously I know about prison rape, but that covers nursing homes and long-stay psychiatric hospitals as well. (near certain)
    • Most behaviors commonly believed to increase risk of being raped in fact do so. Of course this is compatible with many other explanations. (pretty sure)
    • People who have personal harm to fear from reporting rape are more likely to be raped. This includes undocumented immigrants, sex workers on the job (major confounding here), trans people (also confounding, also I can't claim I don't know that), gay people where that's illegal, and people in communities that disapprove of airing dirty laundry such as the kinky scene (confounding) and small religious communities. (pretty sure of the general idea)
  • Rapists target victims they find attractive (this should correlate with conventional attraction), but the effect is less strong than that of vulnerability. (somewhat confident)
  • Rapists are a little, but not a lot, more likely to commit non-sexual violence. (somewhat confident)
  • Active rapists have greater variance in status than non-rapists; they're more likely to be either very high- or very low-status. (somewhat confident)
  • The smaller the social unit, the stronger the above effect is. (conditioning on it, pretty sure)
  • Medium- or high-status men who gain status become more likely to rape. (unsure)
  • Rape in a relationship (not necessarily one that's supposed to include consensual sex), like other forms of abuse, is used as a punishment (by which I mean occurs more frequently after the abused has disobeyed, voluntarily or not, the abuser, but is unlikely to leave the relationship) if the rapist is male (near-certain) or female (somewhat confident).
  • Creepiness is correlated with rape in men (pretty sure) and in women (unsure).
  • Effects of situational partner availability (dispreferred gender, lower attractiveness, taboo pairings) are stronger for rape than for consensual sex if the rapist is male. (unsure)
  • Rape by men is strongly correlated with testosterone level. (somewhat confident)
  • Rape is strongly correlated with sexual jealousy. (somewhat confident)
  • Rapists are more likely to be friends with other rapists. (pretty sure)
  • Rapists are more likely to be friends with rapists with the same methods of operation (familiarity with the victim, use of violence, use of alcohol, use of other substances, criteria for choice of victims). (somewhat confident)
  • Rape is correlated with making rape jokes, mild disregard of consent (such as tickling protesting people), and what I'm going to call "comments on the victim's behavior before and during the rape" when discussing rape cases, correcting for frequency of such behaviors in the social circle. (unsure)
  • Rape is negatively correlated with close relationships with known rape victims (of other perps, obviously). (somewhat confident)
  • If you ran that empathy study where people write "E" on their foreheads on men, they would be less empathetic primed with images of women than with images of men (pretty sure), and the effect would be stronger in active rapists of women than on non-rapists (conditioning on previous, pretty sure).
  • If you ran that study on women, they would be less empathetic primed with images of men than with images of women (somewhat confident), and the effect would be stronger in survivors of recent rape by a man than in non-survivors (conditioning on previous, somewhat confident).
  • Men who rape without use of violence are rougher when raping than when having consensual sex. (somewhat confident)
  • Male rapists are on median worse in bed (as judged by consensual sex partners) than non-rapists of similar sexual experience. (There's a question of how to count the rapes toward sexual experience.) (unsure)
  • The kick of power (I don't know if we know how to detect it, but it's a clearly recognizable emotion) is stronger (in the same individual) when raping than when having consensual sex in male rapists of men (pretty sure), in male rapists of women (somewhat confident), and in female rapists (unsure).
  • On average, rapists seek the aforementioned feeling of status elevation more than non-rapists if male (somewhat confident) and if female (unsure).

Any disagreements? Any sources for resolution?

comment by MugaSofer · 2012-12-19T01:01:59.234Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Okay, so you're trying to say that... rapists don't literally endorse hurting humanity? They know that rape does so, and they don't try to figure out a way to stop, and you have to use force to make them stop because moral concerns don't move them, but unlike evil mutant robot monsters, they feel guilty about it and write self-pitying essays?

I'm saying that they're human, and best modeled as such. I am not advocating any particular method of rape prevention, but since we're on LessWrong it should come as no surprise that I think understanding the problem fully is probably going to make our solutions better.

No it isn't. It's trying to help me understand what rapists tell themselves is why rape happens. I very much doubt those are the real causes.

No, it isn't. He's clearly an atypical rapist in that regard. If he was a typical rapist, then the essay would be hopelessly biased and would never have been published. Instead it is only mildly biased, and offers an opportunity to see into the mind of a rapist via his future self, who is now aware that his actions were rape and thus doesn't try to excuse them.

If the scores of articles by feminists about how anyone, no matter how charming and friendly and good to have in your tribe, can be a predator don't convince people, but this one article by a rapist does... then the article is worthwhile and I weep for humanity.

Just because someone is charming doesn't mean they can't be a monster. Most actual psychopaths are pretty good at hiding the fact. But that doesn't mean that we should assume that just because someone is both charming and hurting people they're a psychopath. Because it doesn't take a psychopath to hurt people. If it did, the world would be a very different place.

I was giving examples of rapists who think of themselves as good people.

Oh. Why?

comment by MugaSofer · 2012-12-17T18:11:31.656Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

People didn't stop printing copies of Mein Kampf, did they?

Mein Kampf was aimed at people in Wiemar Germany, so I'm not sure it retains much persuasive power for modern, say, French.

comment by MugaSofer · 2012-12-17T18:21:30.246Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Most of the articles are fluff along the lines of "Hats are cool", though. And right now I'm just a little bit reluctant to recommend the site that published the "I raped a few people, but partying is fun so I don't mind" article.

Can't argue with you about the hats, but I'm not sure what people's problem is with publishing that article. It's not like he was defending himself, just giving useful information on how someone's life can lead them to rape despite consciously committing to the principle that Rape Is Bad. Are they worried that understanding the enemy better will force them to stop viewing people as Evil Mutants?

comment by MugaSofer · 2012-12-15T18:54:36.785Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

zie's the only person I know of who writes about misandry without turning into a giant douche.

... is that a stealth insult?

Replies from: MixedNuts
comment by MixedNuts · 2012-12-15T19:34:04.736Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Do you mean to Ozy? It was supposed to be praise.

Or do you mean to you? If you write about misandry, I have yet to see your writings, so I'd be hard-pressed to insult you based on them.

Or do you mean something else?

Replies from: MugaSofer
comment by MugaSofer · 2012-12-15T19:59:32.085Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Or do you mean to you? If you write about misandry, I have yet to see your writings, so I'd be hard-pressed to insult you based on them.

Well, I wrote a comment on it. Right there. You replied to it.

... I guess I was just imagining things, although your comment was slightly ... tangential. Such comments are rarer than those criticizing the parent. Hell, I even opened this comment by contradicting you.

... thanks for the recommendation.

comment by [deleted] · 2012-01-13T19:23:57.446Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

"[...] The proportion of men must be reduced to and maintained at approximately ten percent of the human race."

I imagine females will also be reduced to 10%. Gender is pointless. I know I'd like to be (sexually) female sometimes, futanari (is there an english word for this?) sometimes, and male sometimes, and the rest of the time something totally different. Probably with tentacles. I think I'd like to be totally sexless sometimes too.

When you spend enough time on certain places on the internet, radical feminists look like conservatives on gender issues.

Replies from: thomblake, MixedNuts, thomblake, MugaSofer
comment by thomblake · 2012-01-13T19:58:06.473Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

When you spend enough time on certain places on the internet, radical feminists look like conservatives on gender issues.

Indeed. Reading about the details of sex between one "male" and one "female" partner as though it's the only kind of sex, really reads to me like trying to enforce a (outdated and sexist) traditional view of how humans are supposed to self-identify and relate to each other.

comment by MixedNuts · 2012-01-13T19:37:02.899Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

"No-op trans woman"?

Replies from: arborealhominid, TimS
comment by arborealhominid · 2012-12-15T14:31:39.536Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Technically accurate, but not general enough. A futanari, as I understand, is a person who has a penis, but otherwise has the physical characteristics typically designated "female" (breasts, wide hips, etc.). A no-op trans woman would fit this description, but so would someone who started out with the typical "female" phenotype but had their genitals modified and kept the rest of their body the same. (As far as I know, this hasn't happened in real life, but it's theoretically possible.) Also, though I'm not aware of any such condition, I suppose there could be an intersex condition that produces a "futanari" phenotype. (If anyone is aware of one, I'd be curious to hear about it.)

comment by thomblake · 2012-01-13T20:01:06.992Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

futanari (is there an english word for this?)

Depending on what you mean by futanari, 'hermaphrodite' or 'shemale' are common, though the latter is almost surely slang (and checking what Google has to say on the subject is almost surely NSFW).

Replies from: MixedNuts, Raemon
comment by MixedNuts · 2012-01-13T21:07:37.766Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

The latter is a slur.

Replies from: thomblake
comment by thomblake · 2012-01-13T21:12:52.613Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Well, by that link, both "transvestite" and "hermaphrodite" (NTM "it") were on the list of slurs. I think it was just indicated as a slur for transsexual people, not inherently a slur.

Replies from: None
comment by [deleted] · 2012-01-14T01:12:36.208Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

I'll just keep calling it futa. It's the only word for that mode of being that I have not seen used offensively.

Replies from: wedrifid
comment by wedrifid · 2012-01-14T15:07:29.776Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

I'll just keep calling it futa. It's the only word for that mode of being that I have not seen used offensively.

I must say that I haven't seen it used offensively either. Nor, for that matter, have I seen the sun rise && false.

(ie. Using the word futa may not be optimal for communicating object level content with people who speak English.)

Replies from: None
comment by [deleted] · 2012-01-15T03:23:55.946Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

good point

comment by Raemon · 2012-01-14T18:29:24.466Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Modern, generally accepted term in english is intersexed

Replies from: thomblake
comment by thomblake · 2012-01-14T20:41:20.383Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

I'm pretty sure "intersexed" is more general than the sense of "futanari", or at least the sense meant above.

comment by MugaSofer · 2012-12-15T17:17:28.341Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

I dunno. The option would be nice, but I think I'd still spend easily 90% of my time as a "male" and I doubt that's unusual; the categories of "male" and "female" still have meaning if some women spend their holidays as dolphins.

comment by Bugmaster · 2012-01-14T01:56:22.512Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Admittedly, this can be interpreted as sex selection of gametes and embryos, not disappearance of currently living people.

It could be, but, after reading that interview, I get the feeling that MD wouldn't mind it at all if currently living people (male ones, that is) got disappeared, as well. That interview is actually quite fascinating.

comment by [deleted] · 2012-01-14T16:42:03.887Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

You are pretty unfamiliar with some of the more obscure aspects feminism. Even if the SCUM manifesto was really satire (which I don't think it was), there where plenty of calls for the elimination or even enslavement of men by academics and radicals.

As with all political and ideological movements some join them just because they seem the best available tool to harm a despised out-group.

Some feminists really do just hate men.

Replies from: NancyLebovitz, JoshuaZ
comment by NancyLebovitz · 2012-02-13T07:43:24.617Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

I think Mary Daly did.

comment by JoshuaZ · 2012-12-16T17:51:55.745Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

The SCUM Manifesto was written by someone with severe mental health issues and isn't taken seriously by the vast majority of feminists. It isn't representative in any useful way. Edit: That is not to say that there aren't some people out there with extreme views of this sort, they'll show up in any large movement. But that context is important.

comment by MugaSofer · 2012-12-15T19:07:26.372Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Either my model is wrong or this story is false. Specifically, I doubt an famous feminist's considered opinion was that the world would be better if a substantial number of people "unspecified disappeared."

It appears your model is false, then. Progress!

(Not that you should switch to a model with even poorer predictive history, i.e. the "feminists just hate men" one.)

comment by Nornagest · 2012-01-13T17:52:11.294Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

I suspect Viliam_Bur is talking about Valerie Solanas' SCUM Manifesto. Which does seem to fit the bill, assuming you don't read it as satire -- but Solanas is mainly famous for shooting Andy Warhol, not for her contributions to feminism.

ETA: Or not. MixedNuts' comment above fits better.

comment by NancyLebovitz · 2012-01-13T12:32:20.587Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

The baboon story implies that how males are treated has something to do with their behavior-- it's not innate.

I think the more interesting question is whether pacific baboons can co-exist with the more usual sort.

Replies from: Viliam_Bur, Anubhav
comment by Viliam_Bur · 2012-01-13T16:32:19.289Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

The line between the nature and learning is often blurred. Simply said, if someone's genetic code contains an instruction "when X, do Y", should we say that the behavior Y was caused by the code (is innate) or by the presence of X (is learned)?

The story implies than in conditions X1 baboons behave violently, and in conditions X2 baboons behave peacefully. The word "conditions" here includes both their environment and their history, and it seems that X1 = "lack of food OR recent history of violence" and X2 = "enough food AND recent history of peace". When there is enough food, both X1 and X2 seem self-perpetuating, though the experience with X2 is very short yet.

My prediction is that adding violent baboons to the group would create an X1 situation. (A less certain prediction is that even without external baboons, sooner or later the group will generate a violent individual. Problem is, due to the "sooner or later" part, the second prediction is unfalsifiable.)

Replies from: smk, NancyLebovitz
comment by smk · 2012-01-22T12:27:13.353Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

I thought there were violent baboons added to the group?

Only one of the males now in the troupe had been through the event. All the rest were new, and hadn't been raised in the tribe. The new males had come from the violent, dog-eat-dog world of normal baboon-land.

Replies from: army1987
comment by A1987dM (army1987) · 2012-01-22T15:22:51.121Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

How the hell did anyone reading this subthread (including me) miss that?

Replies from: NancyLebovitz
comment by NancyLebovitz · 2012-02-10T16:50:59.077Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Possibly because the concept of a violent male disrupting a peaceful group is a violent adult male, perhaps even a violent alpha, while the violent males actually coming in are relatively young.

comment by NancyLebovitz · 2012-01-13T20:10:02.456Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

We can guess that abundant food is needed to stabilize peacefulness among baboons, but the hypothesis isn't tested, though it's plausible.

I don't think it's obvious that one violent baboon would be enough to get a peaceful troupe to return to the usual-- it sounds as though systematic mistreatment of new males is needed to get a standard troupe, and I don't think one violent male has enough time or attention for the job.

Replies from: Viliam_Bur
comment by Viliam_Bur · 2012-01-14T17:38:16.212Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

This is one of the situations that would be better answered by experiment. I wouldn't mind being proven wrong, but I would like to know how exactly I am wrong. How exactly would a new violent baboon not disrupt the peace in the group?

Would he be like: "see, there is enough food, and no one is preventing me from eating as much as I want, so why don't I just relax and enjoy this piece of paradise"?

Or would he attack the other males, but when no one fights back, he would be like: "oh, this is so boring, and by the way there is enough food, so what don't I just relax..."?

Or would the other males fight him back, but despite their new first-hand experience with violence, they would keep the libertarian ethics that it is wrong to initiate violence, and it is only ok to defend oneself?

Or perhaps would the males in the group instinctively attack any other new male (even without him attacking first), but would maintain the peace among themselves?

There are many alternatives to return to global violence, but I would like to know which one of them will happen. Though, at this moment, the return to global violence seems the most probable option to me.

comment by Anubhav · 2012-01-13T13:08:23.624Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

There are no baboons in the Pacific, as far as I can tell.

(Sorry, couldn't resist.)

comment by ChickPea · 2012-01-22T04:11:59.715Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Are you perhaps thinking of Valerie Solanas, and the SCUM manifesto?

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerie_Solanas

comment by wedrifid · 2012-01-13T17:04:54.766Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

I think some famous feminist recommended unspecified disappearing of 90% of males to make the world a better place, but right now I can't find the quote.

I totally support the unspecified disappearing of 90% of (other) males!

comment by prase · 2012-01-16T02:25:16.919Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

just by pursuing some simple ideals like killing fifty percent of males

It probably won't work with humans. It has been tried during the Paraguayan war and I don't know of any evidence that Paraguay is an extraordinarily peaceful society today.

comment by lukeprog · 2012-01-13T02:20:40.347Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

The relevant section of the Radiolab episode explains this in more detail.

comment by MugaSofer · 2012-12-15T19:27:04.091Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

(I'm pretty sure it was just an example of game-changing social upheaval; the actual reason it happened isn't described and may or may may not have been determined.)

comment by cousin_it · 2012-01-12T20:58:53.479Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

There was no interesting, non-emotional takeaway for me from this post. I bet I can find 10 anecdotes where nature prevailed over nurture...

Luke, your posts might become more interesting (to me at least) if you go and beat your head on a hard problem for awhile. I know that sounds like "go have an awful life so you have some interesting stories to tell us", but hey, that's how life works :-/ As far as I know, Eliezer's sequences were the aftermath of a sort of hero's journey, that's why they have so many new insights. Just copying the surface pathos won't get you there.

Replies from: lukeprog, Will_Newsome, elinws
comment by lukeprog · 2012-01-13T02:19:01.033Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Now that I'm Executive Director I don't have much time to bang my head on hard (research) problems, though I did start doing that a while back.

This is a "merely" inspirational post, but I think there's room for that on LW. There isn't much new insight in A sense that more is possible, either, but I found it valuable.

Replies from: xv15, MixedNuts, Dr_Manhattan
comment by xv15 · 2012-01-13T03:21:27.168Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Luke, I thought this was a good post for the following reasons.

(1) Not everything needs to be an argument to persuade. Sometimes it's useful to invest your limited resources in better illuminating your position instead of illuminating how we ought to arrive at your position. Many LWers already respect your opinions, and it's sometimes useful to simply know what they are.

The charitable reading of this post is not that it's an attempted argument via cherry-picked examples that support your feeling of hopefulness. Instead I read it as an attempt to communicate your level of hopefulness accurately to people who you largely expect to be less hopeful. This is an imprecise business that necessarily involves some emotional language, but ultimately I think you are just saying: do not privilege induction with such confidence, we live in a time of change.

It might quell a whole class of complaints if you said something like that in the post. Perhaps you feel you've noticed a lot of things that made you question and revise your prior confidence about the unchangingness of the world...if so, why not tell us explicitly?

(2) I also see this post as a step in the direction of your stated goal to spend time writing well. It seems like something you spent time writing (at least relative to the amount of content it contains). Quite apart from the content it contains, it is a big step in the direction of eloquence. LWers are programmed to notice/become alarmed when eloquence is being used to build up a shallow argument, but it's the same sort of writing whether your argument is shallow or deep. This style of writing will do you a great service when it is attached to a much deeper argument. So at the least it's good practice, and evidence that you should stick with your goal.

Replies from: Technoguyrob
comment by robertzk (Technoguyrob) · 2012-01-14T18:13:31.265Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

I agree so much I'm commenting.

comment by MixedNuts · 2012-01-14T01:34:20.335Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Now that I'm Executive Director I don't have much time to bang my head on hard (research) problems

That strikes me as an extremely wrong way to allocate human resources. Good executive directors can't be rarer than good FAI researchers.

Replies from: lukeprog, Vaniver, Qiaochu_Yuan
comment by lukeprog · 2012-01-14T05:07:10.178Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

I wouldn't say I'm a good FAI researcher. I'm just very quick at writing up the kind of "platform papers" that summarize the problem space, connect things to the existing literature, show other researchers what they can work on, explain the basic arguments. For example.

comment by Vaniver · 2012-01-14T01:38:50.152Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Good executive directors can't be rarer than good FAI researchers.

I imagine it is easier to motivate people to be FAI researchers than executive directors.

comment by Qiaochu_Yuan · 2012-12-15T09:35:28.672Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

But wouldn't you prefer to have an executive director of foos with the technical expertise to be a foo himself, so he has a better understanding of the foos that he's executively directing?

Replies from: MixedNuts
comment by MixedNuts · 2012-12-15T10:32:17.342Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Yes, but ceteris ain't paribus. If foo=software engineer, sure, make one of yours executive director, then throw a brick in the Bay Area and hire the one you knocked out.

comment by Dr_Manhattan · 2012-01-14T00:33:33.236Z · LW(p) · GW(p)
  • I think inspiration is important

  • Some of the sequence re-writes (I'm thinking specifically of the ones on facingsingularity web site) are better written than the originals, and there is some value in that.

Replies from: lukeprog
comment by lukeprog · 2012-01-14T04:47:42.823Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Some of the sequence re-writes (I'm thinking specifically of the ones on facingsingularity web site) are better written than the originals

Well, they're more compressed, anyway. But they only accomplish that by having the luxury of linking to dozens of Eliezer's original, more detailed and persuasive articles.

comment by Will_Newsome · 2012-01-17T16:58:19.755Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

To add this, it may be that e.g. deep knowledge of the heuristics and biases literature helped Luke become a better thinker, but most people I know from SingInst became good thinkers either before or without reading much social psychology or decision science. Empirically it seems that microeconomics and Hofstadter are the biggest influences on good thinkers in this social sphere, but I wouldn't put too much weight on the importance of either. Bayesian probability theory is also a big theme, but note that Eliezer's devotion to it seems to have stemmed from a misconception about how fundamental it is, 'cuz at the time of his optimization enlightenment he doesn't seem to have known about key problems in decision theory that Bayes isn't obviously equipped for. In general it seems wise to be skeptical of claims that we know very much about why various people have had whatever success we think they've had; it's very easy to unknowingly fall into cargo cult "rationality".

comment by elinws · 2012-01-14T21:45:30.975Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

There is really very little separating nature and nurture.

An example from gibbon research - gibbons are the textbook example of monogamy amongst primates. They mate for life, eat a high quality diet (fruit and insects with some leaves and other greens). The pair sing together in the mornings and evenings to proclaim there territories. The female takes care of infants until they are weaned and then the male takes over rearing offspring. Before the infant is weaned they are the color of the mother then when their father takes over they become the color of their father. At puberty males stay black like their father and the females become golden like their mothers. Within the family females tend to be dominant and males tend to defend the family against outsiders but they aren't strongly hierarchical.

That said there is a group of gibbons that no longer have the same high quality diet their diet is primarily leaves and greens. Their social structure is one or two dominant males with a group of subordinate females. Thus their social structure resembles that of baboons rather than other gibbons.

So, does high quality diet lead to sexual equality and pacifism or are these just anecdotes?

Replies from: Vivi
comment by Vivi · 2012-01-15T20:24:24.302Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

This is rather misleading. You have not accounted for other variables that may have influenced gibbon behavior. Moreover, this anecdote does little to support your initial point, which seems to have been forgotten altogether at the conclusion. You neglected to elaborate on gibbon diet, which I assume is your main example. The information that you have given on their development seems unnecessary. Also, you misspelled several pronouns, and neglected to show possession. I still see no relevance in your comment.

Replies from: elinws
comment by elinws · 2012-01-17T17:09:24.413Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Sorry I was unclear and yes, I indulged myself on the development because I think it is so neat.

To clarify the conclusion I am proposing that diet may be the key to social structure in both the baboon and gibbon case – high quality food -> non-hierarchical and pacifist – low quality food -> hierarchical and aggressive.

Since diet part of the experience of the animal is it nature or nurture or something in else? Does the diet trigger a genetic reaction or is it that with secure access to high quality food there is no reason for hierarchy and aggression?

And yes, it should be, “The pair sing together in the mornings and evenings to proclaim THEIR territories” not "there territories". Thank you.

Replies from: Vivi
comment by Vivi · 2012-01-18T01:34:24.328Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

But, food only euthanized the aggressive baboons in the previous example. That does not reflect a high quality diet.

comment by MBlume · 2012-01-12T23:46:28.054Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

When taming a baby elephant, its trainer will chain one of its legs to a post. When the elephant tries to run away, the chain and the post are strong enough to keep it in place. But when the elephant grows up, it is strong enough to break the chain or uproot the post. Yet the owner can still secure the elephant with the same chain and post, because the elephant has been conditioned to believe it cannot break free. It feels the tug of the chain and gives up — a kind of learned helplessness. The elephant acts as if it thinks the chain's limiting power is intrinsic to nature rather than dependent on a causal factor that held for years but holds no longer.

This is such an excellent allegory that I do need to ask whether there's a citation. I googled briefly and only found motivational texts and discussions of the morality of chaining elephants in circuses.

Replies from: Grif, ChristianKl, philh, adamisom
comment by Grif · 2012-01-13T13:34:30.180Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Roger Bannister allegedly broke the four-minute mile by applying a lesson in flea training. You train fleas by putting them in a lidded jar. As they jump and jump and jump, they hit their head on the lid and condition themselves to jump only so high--even after the lid is removed.

Bannister, according to inspirational coach Zig Ziglar, knew that for centuries it was judged "impossible" to break a four-minute mile, and all the negative input from trainers and doctors and coaches was erecting a mental barrier to what was possible. History speaks: within a month or two of him breaking the limit, over a dozen MORE runners broke the four-minute mile--something which had been biologically impossible since ancient Greece.

According to Zig, anyways.

Replies from: Mark_Eichenlaub
comment by Mark_Eichenlaub · 2012-01-13T21:18:48.709Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

This story is not true. Bannister broke 4:00 in May of 1954. The next person to do it was John Landy 46 days later. Bannister's training partner Chris Chataway did it the next year, as did another British runner. However, I think Bannister and Landy were the only two to do it in 1954. The first American to do it was Don Bowden in 1957.

I found a list for the US here Also a master list of many runners, but difficult to parse.

There were three runners close to the sub-four mile in the early 50's. The other two were Wes Santee and John Landy. They didn't race each other while trying to break 4:00 because Santee was American, Bannister British, Landy Australian.

According to Neil Bascomb's The Perfect Mile, the race to sub-4 was highly publicized, and most people believed that it could in fact be done. There are some quotes from Landy saying that 4:00 was an unbreakable wall, but I believe these were mostly comments from him in dejection after early failures to beat the mark.

Bannister also wrote a memoir about running sub-4. I do not remember the flea story from it. Google books doesn't return any hits in that book for the word "flea"

Wikipedia says:

The claim that a 4-minute mile was once thought to be impossible by informed observers was and is a widely propagated myth created by sportswriters and debunked by Bannister himself in his memoir, The Four Minute Mile (1955). The reason the myth took hold was that four minutes was a nice round number which was slightly better (1.4 seconds) than the world record for nine years, longer than it probably otherwise would have been because of the effect of World War II in interrupting athletic progress in the combatant countries. The Swedish runners Gunder Hägg and Arne Andersson, in a series of head-to-head races in the period 1942-45, had already lowered the world mile record by 5 seconds to the pre-Bannister record. (See Mile run world record progression.) What is still impressive to knowledgeable track fans is that Bannister ran a four-minute mile on very low-mileage training by modern standards.

The stuff about centuries of buildup and ancient Greece is absurd. In ancient Greece they did not use the mile to measure, and measurements and timekeeping were not accurate enough for this anyway. Wikipedia lists mile records only back to 1855.

Replies from: Grif
comment by Grif · 2012-01-14T04:09:41.603Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

I have learned today not to fluff my posts with phrases like "a dozen more runners" and "ancient Greece" unless it makes sense to do so. Upon further reflection it's also possible that Zig said "Roger Bannister was a flea trainer" in a metaphorical sense--though he most definitely used that kind of words.

The "impossible 4-minute mile" myth, also upon reflection, seems like a similar myth that I stopped believing in, that some boxers, fighters and martial artists were required by law to register their hands as lethal weapons. I heard it from an insanely powerful kung fu sifu my best friend trained under, so I figured that, as strange as it sounds, it was very relevant to a master of fighting, and probably reliable. Later I learned that professional boxers did this purely as a publicity stunt, and the ceremony had zero legal effects. I could use more strength as a rationalist.

comment by ChristianKl · 2012-12-19T13:22:41.429Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

On Skeptics Stackexchange there a thread about it: http://skeptics.stackexchange.com/questions/7796/can-an-elephant-be-trained-to-be-lightly-leashed . Unfortunately as of the time of this writing it has no answers :(

comment by philh · 2012-01-13T09:12:21.415Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

I've heard that it's false, but can no longer find the reference.

comment by adamisom · 2012-01-13T03:48:34.127Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Well, I've certainly heard the story several times. I think it's sometimes told in Indian context, so try including India in your research... I don't care enough to find that out personally

Replies from: Raemon
comment by Raemon · 2012-01-14T18:22:24.229Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

The most I could find were photographs of Indian elephants being held by (what looked to me, anyway) like rather small chains. But yeah, I see a lot of references to the nice allegorical story without a real citation.

My prior is still on it being true to some degree, not because it sounds nice but because I know training animals often works approximately the same way.

comment by ChrisHallquist · 2012-01-13T05:25:51.975Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

This post seems too vague to be useful.

I just got done re-reading Stephen Pinker's book How the Mind Works and seeing the phrase "largely circumstantial" in this post reminded me of Pinker's discussion of the so-called "nature-nurture issue." He points out that it's absurd to think that because nature is important, nurture doesn't matter, but he compares the statement "nature and nurture are both important" to statements like, "The behavior of a computer comes from from a complex interaction between the processor and the input," which is "true but useless."

I feel the same way about statements like "more is possible." I understand the desire to be inspirational, but my brain is objecting too much. How much more is possible? Under what circumstances? etc.

Replies from: Dr_Manhattan, Insert_Idionym_Here
comment by Dr_Manhattan · 2012-01-14T00:25:30.227Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

I understand the desire to be inspirational

Inspiration would be wothless anyway if it was useless (other than making yourself feel good I guess)

How much more is possible? Under what circumstances? etc.

Try and find out!

The way I understood this is that people are overly pessimistic and do not attempt things within their reach. (I might have been a somewhat specific message to the "rationalist" crowd since we tend to overthink, be skeptical and highly risk averse).

comment by Insert_Idionym_Here · 2012-01-13T19:01:55.889Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

I believe the point is that we do not know how much more is possible, or what circumstances make that so. As such, we must check, as often as we can, to make absolutely sure that we are still held by our chains.

comment by satt · 2012-01-13T01:25:16.959Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Religion had a grip on 99.5% or more of humanity until 1900,

Is this true? How could one know?

Replies from: Craig_Heldreth, Vaniver
comment by Craig_Heldreth · 2012-01-14T15:40:51.133Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

This is a question where fiction might give us more insight than fact. If you read realistic novels from the 19th century you will find right away that many of the characters are atheists or agnostics. The gold standard novel is War and Peace which contains only one overtly religious character (Maria Bolkonskaya) if I recall correctly. More than one of the characters is overtly atheist. Tolstoy could put this into fiction when his counterparts in the Physics department and the Philosophy department and the Political Science department would not dare to say it.

Replies from: MugaSofer
comment by MugaSofer · 2012-12-15T17:57:56.872Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

This is a question where fiction might give us more insight than fact.

Seems legit.

comment by Vaniver · 2012-01-13T02:20:58.349Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

If you're flexible with what you mean by "grip," simply having a state religion in the country you live in might have counted as enough. But even with a definition like that, it's not clear where the 1 in 200 figure is coming from.

Replies from: satt
comment by satt · 2012-01-13T02:44:57.643Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Yeah. I thought lukeprog might be using "grip" in some more general sense like what you suggest. But if that were so I expect he'd have cited statistics on more general measures of religiosity, rather than estimates of the proportion of non-religious people.

Replies from: DavidAgain
comment by DavidAgain · 2012-01-13T18:35:20.103Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

If you follow the footnote, it goes to an article on his old website, which takes the figure from the World Christian Encyclopedia, 'a trusted source on religious demographics'. I would be incredibly sceptical about it: as you said, how would we know? People on all sides of religious demographics debates have an awful habit of comparing like with unlike, and those sort of encyclopedias often just get the 'best' figure for point X and point Y while ignoring how comparable they are.

In the original article the stat seems (and I'm cautious here, because my general view of blogs centred on atheism is far worse than the impression I get of Lukeprog from this site) to be used as a rather cheap initial aside: the article is actually about why religion has dropped in Scandanavia and similar, which isn't clearly linked to the worldwide 1900-2000 statistics given.

As an aside: 'state religion' is a dangerous one. It suggests for instance that the UK is 'in the grip of religion' in a way than Syria, India and for that matter the US.

Replies from: army1987
comment by A1987dM (army1987) · 2012-01-13T19:22:39.291Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

IIRC, typically statistics about the number of Christians actually count anyone who has been baptised and has not apostatised. As such, they include lots of people who aren't under the “grip” of the Church in any meaningful sense.

Replies from: kilobug
comment by kilobug · 2012-01-13T19:33:57.336Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Hum, I think it greatly depends of the country. In some countries (like Germany) you officially declare your religion because it affects your taxes. In some others like France, the state just doesn't care about your religion, but (both public and private) institute perform samplings in which they ask people if they have a religion and if what it is.

On the polls, results depend greatly on how the question is formulated (depending on the wording, people who identify themselves as culturally christian but don't believe in god will answer differently), but the latest detailed poll done, according to Wikipedia, gave something like (simplified and translated by myself) :

Sondage CSA 2006-2007

Catholics : 51 % among which :
    Believing catholics : 27 %
    Agnostics catholics : (don't know if God exists) : 15 %
    Atheist catholics (don't think God exists, but identifying themselves as culturally catholics) : 9 % 
Atheist : 31 % 
Muslims : 4 %
Protestants : 3 %
Jew : 1 %
Other/not answering : 10 %

Which leads to a majority (55%) of atheists or agnostics. But if just asking '"are you christian ?" you'll get a majority of christians... the joy of polls and statistics.

Replies from: Multiheaded
comment by Multiheaded · 2012-01-13T21:05:01.677Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

1% of people worship a cheesy Hollywood movie about a giant shark?

Replies from: kilobug
comment by kilobug · 2012-01-14T16:08:56.843Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

It was "jew" not "jaw", sorry for the typo... fixed.

comment by gwern · 2012-01-12T22:46:45.028Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

So you are hopeful because of a single disequilibrium (peaceful baboons) supported by outside inputs (humans killing meat for the baboons). This makes more sense if you carry through the analogy and replace baboons by humans and humans by AIs.

Replies from: endoself
comment by endoself · 2012-01-13T01:10:31.716Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

I don't think that that would add anything beyond all the other posts about AI.

comment by taw · 2012-01-12T20:08:04.253Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

The part about baboons was where the post should be cut.

Too many good stories are ruined this way on lesswrong.

Replies from: Raemon, Ezekiel, Jonathan_Graehl
comment by Raemon · 2012-01-12T20:10:55.062Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

I like it exactly the way it is.

comment by Ezekiel · 2012-01-12T20:21:32.634Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Personally, I don't think I would have understood the point he was trying to make if it had ended there.

comment by Jonathan_Graehl · 2012-01-12T20:12:28.995Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Sure, just ending on "Until they weren't." would have killed.

But "ruined" is too much. The links are useful to people who don't already know them. And there's an elephant-chain story you might like at the bottom.

Replies from: taw
comment by taw · 2012-01-13T19:53:05.458Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Many of his later points about slavery, smallpox, religion etc. were extremely dubious or forced at best. It was literally painful to read that part after awesome part about baboons. And Singularity Institute self-congratulations were even worse than that.

The elephant chain story on the other hand was good.

comment by [deleted] · 2012-01-12T23:09:31.842Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

.

Replies from: lukeprog, Kevin
comment by lukeprog · 2012-01-14T22:18:51.143Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

This is my specialty! Lots of upvotes, almost entirely negative comments. :)

comment by Kevin · 2012-01-14T22:30:36.431Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Really? I find it quite annoying, but mostly because it's endemic of the problem on LW of many, many more people complaining about the useful content produced by others than actually producing useful content.

Replies from: None
comment by [deleted] · 2012-01-15T00:23:40.674Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

.

comment by Raemon · 2012-01-12T19:08:16.494Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

This was incredibly inspiring, in particular because of the specific examples you cited. Thank you.

Replies from: Jonathan_Graehl
comment by Jonathan_Graehl · 2012-01-12T20:14:27.317Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

So inspiring that, even though I trust Sapolsky on the quality of his "Zebras" book, I wonder if the telling isn't slanted a little. I love the idea of other species of animals than humans having extensive+powerful transmissible culture (even though we already knew this about tool use - cracking nuts w/ stones, etc.).

comment by Ezekiel · 2012-01-12T20:20:06.388Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Uplifting and inspiring.

But with that said (not sarcastically), is there anything in particular you're talking about? Because "you should check for solutions before giving up on a problem" seems overly vague and applause-lighty to me.

Replies from: amcknight
comment by amcknight · 2012-01-13T19:25:26.234Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

I thought the whole point was to make it clear that Learned Helplessness is a real problem that anyone might actually have despite the first common first reaction that they "obviously" don't. Maybe that wasn't intended but that's what I got out of it.

comment by [deleted] · 2012-01-12T20:48:12.532Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

What's does the chain represent in this metaphor? Any limitation whatsoever, or some specific one? Some of your examples make it plain that some persistant features of ourselves and our communities shouldn't be destroyed, even if they can be: we've seen baboons turn pacifist, but I'll bet money that we can terrorize some typically pacifistic bonobos into violent monsters. So the fact that we can break a chain (if this refers to any habit or constraint to which we have become habituated) doesn't mean we should.

So "break your chains" seems like bad advice on its own. What else can we add to it to make it good advice?

Replies from: None
comment by [deleted] · 2012-01-12T23:03:45.521Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

I think the right response is: if the chain isn't actually preventing you from taking a course of action, don't let the chain be the reason you reject that course of action. Or: shatter all chains, so that you can truly choose where you want to go. (You may not want to go where the chain was preventing you from going, but you can only really only ask that question once you are free).

Replies from: Viliam_Bur
comment by Viliam_Bur · 2012-01-13T10:22:07.108Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

shatter all chains, so that you can truly choose where you want to go.

On which level is this "true choice" made: group level or individual level? The story describes a change in the group. It does not necessarily follow that all individuals in that group were happy with the new situation. Just as not all individuals were happy with the old situation.

A group dynamic can change... some individuals may feel better, some individuals may feel worse. Why should we call this a "true choice"? Whose choice precisely?

comment by lukeprog · 2017-01-27T14:41:03.746Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Today I encountered a real-life account of a the chain story — involving a cow rather than an elephant — around 24:10 into the "Best of BackStory, Vol. 1" episode of the podcast BackStory.

Replies from: Raemon
comment by Raemon · 2017-01-29T21:25:18.536Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Cool, I'd be wondering about that. :)

comment by Vaniver · 2012-01-13T01:01:09.075Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

The human species was always too weak to render itself extinct. Until we discovered the nuclear chain reaction and manufactured thousands of atomic bombs.

Again, it's still not clear that this is true. There aren't enough bombs to kill everyone, and it's likely humanity would survive a nuclear winter (even if most humans wouldn't).

Replies from: NancyLebovitz, vi21maobk9vp, orthonormal
comment by NancyLebovitz · 2012-01-13T01:47:28.592Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

It's possible that we'd be able to wreck civilization with a relatively small number of decisions, but "wreck civilization" is vague, and might not be true. It's certainly the case that it's possible to kill more people with fewer decisions than ever before.

comment by vi21maobk9vp · 2012-01-13T06:51:11.434Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

It is hard to estimate whether there were enough bombs to kill everyone at any moment. On-ground detonation of entire arsenal of all nuclear powers could cause quite a lot of fallout. It is another question that it would not happen even in a nucleart war, because detonating the nuclear bomb above a military base or a factoy would instantly burn a large area while causing less fallout. So it was considered more effective and more predictable.

comment by orthonormal · 2012-01-18T00:08:59.374Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

There aren't enough bombs to kill everyone

Citation? I'm curious to know what the current consensus is on the likelihood that full-scale nuclear war is an existential risk for humanity.

Replies from: Vaniver
comment by Vaniver · 2012-01-18T01:34:54.000Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

This is the source that changed my mind, although it appears to be somewhat controversial.

Replies from: orthonormal, Prismattic
comment by orthonormal · 2012-01-18T03:29:41.117Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Is the "complete destruction radius" the same as the "everybody dies in this radius"?

Replies from: Vaniver
comment by Vaniver · 2012-01-18T04:17:40.501Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

I am not an expert in the nuclear weapons business, and so the best I can give you is ">50% chance?".

comment by Prismattic · 2012-01-18T02:00:56.301Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

It could be that I am misunderstanding that infographic, but it appears only to count deaths from the actual blasts and possibly from fatal short-term radiation poisoning. It does not appear to include subsequent deaths due to starvation and economic collapse.

Replies from: Vaniver
comment by Vaniver · 2012-01-18T02:14:45.898Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

I believe your interpretation is correct. I find it hard to believe, though, that everyone would die in the event of an economic collapse (even economic collapse plus nuclear winter), though it seems very likely most would.

comment by [deleted] · 2012-01-12T23:28:18.940Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Slavery was ubiquitous for millennia. Until it was outlawed in every country on Earth.

Which is why slavery is now basically extinct... right?

Replies from: Barry_Cotter
comment by Barry_Cotter · 2012-01-13T01:38:07.283Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

The proportion of humanity held in slavery is probably the lowest it has ever been. And no human has been the legal property of another since the institution was abolished in Saudi Arabia in 1962. (I think. It was an Arabian nation in the sixties anyway.)

Replies from: thomblake, None
comment by thomblake · 2012-01-13T17:06:30.682Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

According to the Abolition of slavery timeline (linked to in the article), it's 1981 in Mauritania.

comment by [deleted] · 2012-01-13T01:44:17.015Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

The proportion of humanity held in slavery is probably the lowest it has ever been.

True, but I find proportional arguments fundamentally wrong. I mean, I can't make up for any atrocity I commit simply by out-breeding my victims! So if slavery is wrong, then the situation is certainly much worse right now than it ever was in history, regardless of how many non-slaves there are now.

Replies from: wallowinmaya, Prismattic, Vaniver, Will_Newsome, thomblake, None, adamisom
comment by David Althaus (wallowinmaya) · 2012-01-18T19:55:22.206Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

I can't make up for any atrocity I commit simply by out-breeding my victims!

That's true. But IMHO every moral evaluation has to distinguish between the action in question and the consequent state of the universe.

I think you're still a bad person if you father three children (who are really happy most of the time) but also rape one child. Why not simply father three children without the raping-part? Almost everybody can do that!

But it's not inconsistent to claim that an universe without the raped child and whithout the three happy children is worse than the universe with all four children.

Or does that sound completely bizarre to you?

Replies from: None
comment by [deleted] · 2012-01-18T20:56:22.564Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

I agree that we also have to look at actions, in the sense that even if my biased treatment of my children (treat some well, others badly) would reduce the proportion of suffering children, you might still condemn that because it at least encourages me to not just treat all children well and so to pursue inefficient solutions.

(According to Wikipedia, child sexual abuse affects about 19,7% of female and 7,9% of male children, btw. I'd be careful with using "almost everybody".)

I do disagree that "1 more suffering person, 3 more happy persons" (or whatever ratio) is better than "no additional people". I find it non-obvious that it should be true, even just as an intuition. I find the opposite intuition much more plausible.

I think the claim rests on two (somewhat independent) assumptions:

  1. Benefits and harm to a person can be directly compared, so that if I harm you for -3 utilons and benefit you for +5 utilons, that's equivalent to benefiting you for +2 utilons.
  2. Bringing more people into existence is not bad, at least on average.

Assumption 1) is of course straightforward utilitarianism (in most formulations), but it's not clear to me at all why it should be true. My previous comment was meant to highlight the fact that I find this assumption (common as it is) absurd, especially because it makes you look at 10+ million slaves and propose that slavery is basically gone, simply because non-slaves drastically outnumber them. It's not a solid argument (nor intended as one), but at least for me, it's a stronger illustration of the underlying disgust I feel when considering the closely related Repugnant Conclusion.

Maybe as a different illustration, imagine a room with 3 suffering and 6 happy people in it. If I now bring in 6 more happy people, have I halved the harm inside the room? Have I improved the situation even at all? Of course, this is just an appeal to intuition, not an actual argument, but maybe it demonstrates how "more happy people" is suspect.

Assumption 2) is not obvious either way, I think, but I presently favor denying it, so that more slaves is bad, just as more non-slaves is bad. In other words, just because there are ~6 times more people now than 100 years ago, means that the world is dramatically worse off. So celebrating moral progress when people still breed weirds me out. But of course, this is really not a specific problem with Luke's post, just an aspect that proportional arguments tend to miss. Basically, I deny "Yay less harm per person!" if you achieved it by making more people in the process.

Of course it's not inconsistent to accept 1) and 2), or something similar to them, but I find them very alien, almost paperclippy values. (No offense to actual Paperclippers.)

Replies from: wallowinmaya
comment by David Althaus (wallowinmaya) · 2012-01-18T23:06:24.199Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

(According to Wikipedia, child sexual abuse affects about 19,7% of female and 7,9% of male children, btw. I'd be careful with using "almost everybody".)

Oops. (Let's change "rape" to "rape and eat them while they're alive". That should be sufficiently evil, even for humans.)

I think the claim rests on two (somewhat independent) assumptions: ...

That's probably correct. FWIW I think that 1) is true (say 85%) and 2) is also true, but I'm less confident in my judgement (say 65%). I guess most folks believe that 1) and 2) are true and are much more certain than I am. Seems like you're surrounded by Paperclippers.

comment by Prismattic · 2012-01-13T03:33:49.793Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

The proportional argument is relevant insofar as one is interested in the efficacy of legal prohibitions on slavery. If slavery was legal in the 21st century, do you not think the situation would be much worse than it is now?

Replies from: None
comment by [deleted] · 2012-01-13T07:31:27.221Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

If slavery was legal in the 21st century, do you not think the situation would be much worse than it is now?

I don't think we can draw this conclusion. For one, we don't have any kind of control. However, looking at other illegal trades like the drug war, I don't think there is any good reason to assume laws to be effective. It seems that things like urbanization and ending poverty are the major factors here, but I'm certainly not an expert nor have I yet had time to look at the literature.

If, say, the volume of human trafficking before and after the introduction of legislation outlawing it fell sharply, I would consider such laws successful. I doubt good numbers exist, but I haven't had the time to look for them yet.

Replies from: None
comment by [deleted] · 2012-01-13T20:40:55.969Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

This comment doesn't seem completely silly when read as referring only to the legal abolition of slavery in undeveloped, backwater countries at the end of the twentieth century. But it's not the only reading that makes sense given context of the discussion.

Historically there existed societies that were well-developed by the standards of their respective periods and had a strong rule of law and could effectively prohibit slavery but still chose not to. In fact, in one such nation, not too long ago, slavery was abolished rather abruptly. I heard there was a huge civil war over the entire business which suggests to me that in that particular country the laws could be (and eventually were) effectively enforced.

If developed, stable societies didn't choose to abandon slavery over the last 150 years or so, the situation today would be much worse and we don't need any kind of control to draw that conclusion.

comment by Vaniver · 2012-01-13T02:23:40.745Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

So if slavery is wrong, then the situation is certainly much worse right now than it ever was in history, regardless of how many non-slaves there are now.

This implies a number of quantitative measures that I'm not quite sure I agree with.

Replies from: None
comment by [deleted] · 2012-01-13T02:47:05.316Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

... which are?

Replies from: Vaniver
comment by Vaniver · 2012-01-13T05:51:15.199Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

I could have been clearer in the grandparent. As stated, the great-grandparent can be taken several different ways, and most of them I have trouble with.

One interpretation is that you're essentially judging a business by its expenses and nothing else. I agree with you that proportional measures are sometimes dodgy- oftentimes it's better to look at profit than profit margin- but just because there are more slaves today than there were when the world was much smaller doesn't mean that things are worse now than they ever were in history.

That suggests a deeper contention: I think pure harm-minimization ethics are, well, bland.

comment by Will_Newsome · 2012-03-10T17:49:41.444Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

I mean, I can't make up for any atrocity I commit simply by out-breeding my victims!

I think this is a good reductio of many meta-level non-moral-realist FAI approaches like CEV. They retrospectively endorse genocide. (ETA: And of course they also very much disendorse anti-natalist preferences/tendencies, for whatever that's worth.)

Replies from: wedrifid
comment by wedrifid · 2012-03-10T20:13:57.433Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

I think this is a good reductio of many meta-level non-moral-realist FAI approaches like CEV. They retrospectively endorse genocide.

I've had thoughts along similar lines myself. However I must point out that it isn't CEV that is retrospectively endorsing genocide so much as it is the hypothetical people who commit genocide prior to having their CEV calculated that are (evidently) endorsing genocide. Yes, extrapolating the volition of folks who are into genocide (that you don't approve of) is a bad idea. It is rather critical just which set of agents you plug into a CEV algorithm!

Replies from: Will_Newsome, Will_Newsome
comment by Will_Newsome · 2012-03-10T21:17:27.304Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

it is the hypothetical people who commit genocide prior to having their CEV calculated that are (evidently) endorsing genocide.

I wasn't really thinking of the same people doing both so much as Germans gaining more biological fitness than Poles due to the Holocaust, where their descendants' population differences might have massive effects on the output of CEV. You can't really blame the current Germans or Poles for existing more or less and yet CEV still doesn't attempt to adjust for this, which seems to violate normal moral intuitions about consistency. If we accept that natural selection isn't a moral process and is beyond the reach of God (which doesn't make any sense, but whatever), then it seems really odd to just accept its results as moral even after we've gained the ability to reflect and fix past errors.

Replies from: wedrifid
comment by wedrifid · 2012-03-11T12:34:20.289Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

You can't really blame the current Germans or Poles for existing more or less and yet CEV still doesn't attempt to adjust for this, which seems to violate normal moral intuitions about consistency.

I don't see any violation of moral intuitions there. It isn't the business of CEV to second guess what morality should be. It works out the morality (and other preferences) the input class has and seeks to satisfy them. So if you look at CEV you will see a CEV that does take into account the impact of past injustices according to whatever your moral intuitions are.

If we accept that natural selection isn't a moral process and is beyond the reach of God (which doesn't make any sense, but whatever), then it seems really odd to just accept its results as moral even after we've gained the ability to reflect and fix past errors.

Once you eliminate the effects of natural selection - and assorted past genocides - you don't have anything left. It isn't odd to accept whatever morality you happen to have as morality when there isn't anything else. I happen to have my morality because having it helped my ancestors kill their rivals, stay alive and get laid. Take away those influences doesn't leave me with a more pure morality it leaves me with absolutely nothing.

comment by Will_Newsome · 2012-03-10T21:10:08.900Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

It is rather critical just which set of agents you plug into a CEV algorithm!

I take this (very real) possibility as strongly indicating that CEV-like approaches are insufficiently meta and that we should seriously expend a lot of effort on (getting closer to) solving moral philosophy if at all possible. (Or alternatively, as Wei Dai likes to point out, solving metaphilosophy.)

Replies from: TheOtherDave
comment by TheOtherDave · 2012-03-11T00:05:46.438Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Sure.

Put slightly differently: if I have some set of ethical standards S against which I'm prepared to compare the results R of a CEV-like algorithm, with the intention of discarding R where R conflicts with S, it follows that I consider wherever I got S from a more reliable source of ethical judgments than I consider CEV. If so, that strongly suggests that if I want reliable ethical judgments, what I ought to be doing is exploring the source of S.

Conversely, if I believe a CEV-like algorithm is a more reliable source of ethical judgments than anything else I have available, then I ought to be willing to discard S where it conflicts with R.

comment by thomblake · 2012-01-13T20:46:43.466Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Here's a version, then, that does not rely on the number of non-slaves: If the growth rate of the number of slaves was x, and now it is x/2, then I'd say the situation has improved, even if the number of slaves is higher now.

comment by [deleted] · 2012-01-13T16:54:57.713Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Could the downvoters please explain their decision? I'm genuinely confused why this warrants -4 at the time of writing.

I can speculate that they might think proportional arguments in such cases are obviously correct. If so, could you at least, say, link to an argument? (The controversial nature of the Repugnant Conclusion at least shows that it isn't obvious.) Or is it something else?

Replies from: MixedNuts, None, army1987, TimS, wedrifid
comment by MixedNuts · 2012-01-13T17:32:04.449Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

The point of the slavery example is that all countries have decided slavery is bad, and fought to stamp it out. That humankind, after millennia of slavery as the way things are, has rejected slavery. This is an example of moral progress. You pointed out that some people are slavers, and this is a good point; despite moral progress, even moral progress for all of humanity, some people still choose to do things that are wrong: there is hope of exposing evil, and hope of fighting it alongside all the world's governments, but not so much hope of every human rejecting evil, unlike in the baboon story. Yet, Barry Cotter says, this doesn't mean the fight is insincere - lip service and government passing silly laws like the drug war - it does reduce slavery. There may be little hope of every human rejecting slavery, yet humankind has in fact decided that slavery is wrong, and will free as many slaves as it can. Moral progress is a real force in the world.

That it can't necessarily help people faster than they are born, and thus may let total damage grow, is completely irrelevant.

comment by [deleted] · 2012-01-13T21:02:51.128Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

I haven't downvoted but my guess for the reasons is that people see your argument as unreasonable and forced plus the fact that what you said resembles an attempt to signal world-weary cynicism or fatalism and that sort of thing isn't looked upon kindly around here.

Replies from: None
comment by [deleted] · 2012-01-13T21:24:21.994Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Good point about the cynicism. Can you think of a way I could've said it that wouldn't have signaled that? I find it problematic to express "Luke's cheering strikes me as weird, or at least way too premature, given what bad shape the world is in" without it sounding cynical.

I also don't object to Luke's intention, namely to write some propaganda that progress is possible, but his specific examples (killing half the male population, questionable (and very costly) abolishment of slavery, even worse anti-religion sentiments, premature cheering for rationality feats that haven't proven their worth yet) don't support it and so I think the post is manipulative, though probably not maliciously so.

I agree with taw that if he had simply made a point that demographic changes can bring rapid behavioral changes and stuck to the baboons, it would have been a much better article.

comment by A1987dM (army1987) · 2012-01-13T18:07:52.023Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

The point of that is that slavery used to be something normal, and now it no longer is.

comment by TimS · 2012-01-13T17:19:17.317Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

I didn't read lukeprog as asserting a proportional argument. Rather, he was asserting an argument about historical trajectory. As far as I can tell, the amount of slavery-suffering occurring now is irrelevant regarding whether European and United States abolition of slavery (and serfdom) was a net positive.

(That said, I haven't voted on the comment).

comment by wedrifid · 2012-01-13T17:09:20.165Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

(Upvoted grandparent towards zero. I don't support absolute arguments any more than I support proportional arguments but there is nevertheless a point to be made along the one you made there.)

comment by adamisom · 2012-01-13T01:48:38.009Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

I think this is wrong, though that's a clever point regarding outbreeding as a reason for decreased slavery. Even if that's true, it's done and gone, a sunk cost. The fact that there are far fewer slaves, a much lower proportion, and no legal slavery is what we should be concerned about.

Replies from: None
comment by [deleted] · 2012-01-13T02:52:57.525Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Even if that's true, it's done and gone, a sunk cost. The fact that there are far fewer slaves, a much lower proportion, and no legal slavery is what we should be concerned about.

I don't understand what you mean. What's the sunk cost here?

Luke was making a point that outlawing slavery has ended an institution that has existed throughout much of recorded history, but that's disingenuous, I think, because there are more slaves than there ever were. I don't see how changing the legal status of an institution, without changing the actual practice (in fact, making it more widespread) has improved the situation. It reminds me of war-against-drugs rhetoric.

Another point in favor of disregarding lower proportions: would you feel better if tortured one of my children, if I also made two other children I treated nicely? After all, I would've decreased the rate of tortured children in the world.

Replies from: gwern, Larks, wedrifid
comment by gwern · 2012-01-13T03:17:47.893Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Luke was making a point that outlawing slavery has ended an institution that has existed throughout much of recorded history, but that's disingenuous, I think, because there are more slaves than there ever were

If one looks only at absolute numbers, I imagine there are very few things, good or bad, which are not at a historic peak.

Another point in favor of disregarding lower proportions: would you feel better if tortured one of my children, if I also made two other children I treated nicely? After all, I would've decreased the rate of tortured children in the world.

This is a restatement of the fundamental meaning of utilitarianism, if one eliminates the rhetorical equation of 'torture' with 'treated nicely'. Given the survey results, I feel fairly confident that he would, yes.

Replies from: Nisan
comment by Nisan · 2012-01-14T06:17:38.042Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

[...] would you feel better if tortured one of my children, if I also made two other children I treated nicely?

[...] Given the survey results, I feel fairly confident that he would, yes.

Really? I recall the Less Wrong survey result that most of us are consequentialists. And it's safe to assert that torturing a baby is theoretically compensated by an improvement in the welfare of a sufficient number of preexisting babies (with some hedges thrown in that might prevent torture in practice). But the ethical significance of creating new persons is not clear, especially in light of impossibility results in population ethics. And in light of anthropic difficulties, Eliezer himself leans towards privileging the welfare of already-existing persons.

comment by Larks · 2012-01-13T11:17:35.041Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

would you feel better if tortured one of my children, if I also made two other children I treated nicely? After all, I would've decreased the rate of tortured children in the world.

It is not obvious that over 34% of children in the world right now are being tortured.

Replies from: None
comment by [deleted] · 2012-01-13T16:50:26.919Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

You're right, my intuition failed me. I would've to compensate according to the present rate, and of course child torture was a gratuitous example, so I retract it.

comment by wedrifid · 2012-01-13T04:53:58.810Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Luke was making a point that outlawing slavery has ended an institution that has existed throughout much of recorded history, but that's disingenuous, I think, because there are more slaves than there ever were.

"Wrong" or "misleading" seem like more appropriate terms here. There is no indication that Luke isn't being sincere.

Replies from: None
comment by [deleted] · 2012-01-13T06:11:36.293Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

You're right. I don't question Luke's sincerity, only his argument.

comment by chepin · 2012-01-15T00:44:59.504Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

The elephant acts as if it thinks the chain's limiting power is intrinsic to nature rather than dependent on a causal factor that held for years but holds no longer.

What the imaginary and true limiting powers for the lesswrong community? Maybe some list could be useful.

Replies from: None
comment by [deleted] · 2012-01-16T02:09:05.029Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

1) The loss of proper jury trials. See: http://www.fija.org and http://www.isil.org/resources/lit/history-jury-null.html 2) The loss of habeas corpus, via the Patriot Act and NDAA 3) The loss of medical freedom and its corresponding free market of innovation in 1910, with the AMA, FDA, and later, DEA 4) The barriers to entry into the market, caused by licensing of all sorts.
5) Also, the reduction in capital caused by the Federal Reserve, IRS, and fiat currency. 6) Ballot access restrictions and impediments. 7) Food handling laws that require a human to be present, so robotic vendors cannot easily market their wares etc...

These are all chains that bind intelligent people. These are all barriers to unlimited progress. I've written more about them, but my karma is too low for me to post here. I find that to be a stupid impediment/barrier to entry to the market that will likely drive me away, rather than have me expend the effort necessary to "ramp up."

BTW: I completely agree with the author, and think his piece is one of the best things I've ever read. Particularly the last two paragraphs.

Peace.

Replies from: ESRogs
comment by ESRogs · 2012-01-16T22:28:38.634Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Those all, or at least mostly, sound like bad developments that we'd be better off without, but I don't think they fall under the category of what Luke is getting at.

He's talking about limitations that have always been true of humans (i.e. we can only live on earth, we're mortal), but that might not be true anymore or for much longer, rather than the more mundane limits on freedom (primarily in the U.S.) that have been imposed on us by bad laws or improper regulation.

I'm guessing that discrepancy is why you got the downvotes. Hope you'll stick around though!

comment by dlthomas · 2012-01-13T22:58:41.759Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

literally have been the textbook example

Cute.

comment by JoelCazares · 2012-02-10T01:05:50.580Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Thank you for this. I found it very inspiring. If transhumanism had a religion, this would surely be an entry in its holy book.

comment by Caperu_Wesperizzon · 2022-08-13T16:58:17.906Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Let's not forget the other side of the coin: can the chain hold you again—and, this time, forever? Unless you've managed to become immortal, that is.

comment by HungryTurtle · 2012-02-10T02:46:37.969Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Luke, I sympathize with wanting to motivate people that change is possible, but i feel that in your essay you are not promoting the need of a specific change, but change for the sake of change.

In the list of your analogies you discuss how recently humans have become strong enough to render itself extinct.

The human species was always too weak to render itself extinct. Until we discovered the nuclear chain reaction and manufactured thousands of atomic bombs.

To me this is a strong case for why if anything we should show some restraint in the chains we tug on. There is no logic behind the idea that a higher acceleration of change ("progress") would be in anyway beneficial to human survival. In fact, given the fact that evolutionary fitness deals with adapting to a specific environment, forcibly implementing exponentially potent change seems idiotic. Your ending sentence "just get up and walk away to a place you've never seen before" is very poetic, but it over romanticizes aimless wandering and is not realistic at all. Species leave an environment as an act of desperation when they cannot survive where they are. I realize that among Western elites aimless traveling is quite popular, but such behavior is a byproduct of an external environment of extreme privilege. For the majority of humans and the majority of species on our planet the luxury of being powerful enough to transplant yourself into "a place you have never seen before" simply does not exist.

comment by [deleted] · 2012-01-20T02:14:08.255Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

That elephant example immediately reminded me of the JYJ vs SM case, because everyone uses that example for them. That case showed us that doing what's right isn't easy in the real world - the "bad" guys will make up something even worse to get their way. I'm sure that you guys have all read additional examples in literature where doing the "right" thing by going against what's generally accepted in society damages the people who try it. So, what I'm trying to say is that it's great that someone has freed themselves from the chain - but what the person does after that is also significant. How do they convince the others around them to follow in their footsteps? Reading about this case has taught me that in the court people can get away with horrible logical reasoning, especially with bribes.

I like your post. I just think it has to be a little more practical.

For example, in JYJ's case they had a literal chain - a contract. Legally and morally, when they found out it was against the international human rights standards and put them into quasi-slavery, would they need to follow it?

"In fact, one would be hard-pressed to find anywhere on this planet a legal system that endorses the idea that all contracts must be fulfilled no matter what. If anything, the law frowns upon the notion by introducing the principle of unconscionability into contract law[ii]. When the terms of a contract are clearly unfair to one party or goes against more fundamental norms and principles of social justice, a contract is deemed unconscionable and the court can decide to render it null and void. ... Therefore, the legal system of the 21st century and the value system that supports it do not credit the notion that one must fulfill a contract, even a clearly unfair one, at all costs as “honor” or “responsibility” but as foolishness and reckless endangerment. If anything, the insistence that a contract must be fulfilled no matter what is often indicative of an international crime at hand, as practically every case of human trafficking and the modern sex slave trade demonstrate. If it were indeed true that all contracts must be fulfilled, then the contracts issued by human traffickers would also be considered valid and victims of trafficking would be among the most honorable people on earth." -JYJfiles OP/ED

Even in the legal system, it is recognized that chains are not all good. But, when is it truly right to break them? Some people still have to play the social game.

comment by [deleted] · 2012-01-16T19:33:37.247Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

I think this idea has been developed on lesswrong a few times already, but these are some interesting examples to support the point. As material to explain to new rationalists what this site is about, this is an excellent post.

comment by Andy_McKenzie · 2012-01-12T23:45:00.168Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

But then, never before has humanity had the combined benefits of an overwhelming case for one correct probability theory, a systematic understanding of human biases and how they work, free access to most scientific knowledge, and a large community of people dedicated to the daily practice of CogSci-informed rationality exercises and to helping each other improve.

How do you know that these set of circumstances are only present, and only have been present, at your institution?

Replies from: vi21maobk9vp, adamisom
comment by vi21maobk9vp · 2012-01-13T06:58:56.494Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Where does the text claim that this is present only in this institution? It is just that the combination of the conditions was, strictly speaking, infeasible for purely technical reasons (nonexistence of means of access to such large bodies of information and of some of the sceintific fields).

comment by adamisom · 2012-01-13T01:33:13.890Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

If there are a few weaknesses in the article, I'm not sure this is one of them.

The field of cognitive biases have only been around 40 years; free access to most scientific knowledge has been greatly enhanced by Google Scholars and since it's otherwise fettered, that part's not unreasonable; even the Bayesian interpretation of probability theory has only been accepted for... well, I'm not sure, but I think only since World War II; and perhaps most restricting of all, the Web enables large communities that probably couldn't otherwise exist and is pretty new.

These facts in conjunction make his statement reasonable.

Replies from: ksvanhorn
comment by ksvanhorn · 2012-01-13T07:10:28.539Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

even the Bayesian interpretation of probability theory has only been accepted for... well, I'm not sure, but I think only since World War II

Try half a century later. Until very recently -- about twenty years ago -- the Bayesian view of probability was very much a minority view, and it has only really picked up steam in the last 10 years. Several things happened around 20 years ago:

  • Faster and cheaper computers became available. Bayesian methods tend to be computationally intensive, and this limited their use.

  • Rule-based expert systems fizzled out and began to be replaced by Bayesian networks after practical algorithms for inference with BNs were developed.

  • Awareness of Markov chain Monte Carlo methods (which can be used to sample from a Bayesian posterior distribution) spread to the statistics community, and the free BUGS software made it easy for non-experts to create and evaluate new Bayesian models.

These developments made it practical to apply Bayesian methods... and people started finding out how well they could work.

comment by MugaSofer · 2012-12-15T17:50:50.619Z · LW(p) · GW(p)

Compared to situational effects, we tend to overestimate the effects of lasting dispositions on people's behavior — the fundamental attribution error. But I, for one, was only taught to watch out for this error in explaining the behavior of individual humans, even though the bias also appears when explaining the behavior of humans as a species. I suspect this is partly due to the common misunderstanding that heritability measures the degree to which a trait is due to genetic factors. Another reason may be that for obvious reasons scientists rarely try very hard to measure the effects of exposing human subjects to radically different environments like an artificial prison or total human isolation.

... really? Anyone else experience the same thing?